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Book
2
BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 2
Book
2
Beginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatly
benefit from a clear understanding of English grammar
basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts
program whether your students are native English speakers or
beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons
make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement
or intervention.
• Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar
• More than 80 practice exercises are included for ready
reinforcement
• A wealth of examples are provided on every topic
• Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar
tips and useful language notes
Book
2
Howard Sargeant
Three Watson
Irvine, CA 92618-2767
Web site: www.sdlback.com
First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine,
CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore
Copyright ©2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the
publisher.
ISBN 1-59905-203-2
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 08 07
Note to the Student
from the Publisher
Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that
the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by
Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That
was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all
over the world have found it worthwhile to study the
structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in
speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated
people.
Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction
in the eight parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjections—as well as the standard patterns of English
sentences.
All students of English, be they native speakers or those
who are studying English as a second language, will
profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout
the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills
and call attention to common problem areas.
We wish you every success in your pursuit of English
proficiency.

What you’ll find in this book
1 Nouns 7–23
Common Nouns 7
Proper Nouns 8
Singular Nouns 11
Plural Nouns 11
Collective Nouns 17
Masculine and Feminine Nouns 20
The Possessive Form of Nouns 22
2 Pronouns 24–31
Personal Pronouns 24
Reflexive Pronouns 26
Possessive Pronouns 27
Demonstrative Pronouns 27
Interrogative Pronouns 28
Indefinite Pronouns 28
3 Adjectives 32–43
Kinds of Adjectives 32
The Order of Adjectives 33
Adjective Endings 35
Describing What Something Is Made of 37
The Comparison of Adjectives 39
Adjective Phrases 42
4 Determiners 44–51
The Articles 44
Using Nouns without Articles 45
Demonstrative Determiners 46
Quantifying Determiners 47
Interrogative Determiners 49
Possessive Determiners 49
Numbers 50
Using Determiners Together 50

5 Verbs and Tenses 52–87
Subject and Verb Agreement 52
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 55
The Simple Present Tense 58
am, is and are 59
there is and there are 60
The Present Progressive Tense 63
The Simple Past Tense 65
was and were 66
Irregular Verbs 67
The Past Progressive Tense 70
have, has and had 71
The Present Perfect Tense 73
Irregular Past Participles 73
The Future Tense 77
do, does and did 80
The Infinitive 83
The Imperative Form of Verbs 84
Gerunds 85
6 Auxiliary Verbs 88–94
can and could 88
will and would 89
shall and should 89
ought to 90
must 90
may and might 90
Verb Phrases 91
7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases 95–100
Adverbs of Manner 95
Adverbs of Time 96
Adverbs of Place 96
Adverbs of Frequency 97
Adverbs of Duration 97
Adverbs of Emphasis 98
8 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 101–108
Preposition or Adverb? 101
Prepositions of Place 102
Prepositions of Time 102
Prepositions of Direction 103
Prepositions with Special Uses 103
Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns 105

9 Conjunctions 109–117
and, but and or 109
Conjunctions Linking Phrases 110
Conjunctions with Lists 110
Conjunctions That Join Sentences 111
Other Words for and 111
Other Words for but 112
Other Words for or 112
Conjunctions of Time 113
Conjunctions of Place 113
Conjunctions of Reason 114
Conjunctions of Purpose 114
10 Sentences 118–133
Four Kinds of Sentence 118
Sentences with Objects 119
Verbs with Two Objects 120
Verbs with No Object 120
Simple Sentences 123
Compound Sentences 123
Conditional Sentences 124
Positive and Negative Sentences 124
Questions 128
Question Tags 130
11 Direct and Indirect Speech 134–139
Direct Speech 134
Indirect Speech 134
Indirect Commands 135
Indirect Questions 136
12 Punctuation 140–148
Punctuation Marks: period, comma, question mark,
exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation marks, colon 140
Capital Letter 144
A List of Irregular Verbs 149–152

1 Nouns
There are two main types of nouns: common nouns and proper nouns.
Common Nouns
Words for people, places and things are called common nouns.
◗ These common nouns are words for things.
ruler chair hammer bicycle truth
pen table saw ship calculator
crayons sofa axe truck television
pencil loyalty drill ferry fridge
book lamp ladder train cooker
dictionary carpet lawnmower bus computer
courage telephone spade laziness printer
◗ These common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for
young animals are included.
animal its young animal its young
dog puppy fox cub
cat kitten elephant calf
cow calf kangaroo joey
horse foal bear cub
sheep lamb lion cub
goat kid tiger cub
frog tadpole whale calf
◗ These common nouns are words for places.
bank airport school post office
hotel gas station university police station
library park office restaurant
museum farm mosque supermarket
mall zoo temple stadium
theater factory shop synagogue
hospital nursery gym church

Nouns: Proper Nouns
◗ These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.
singer manager sailor gardener
dancer secretary pilot police officer
artist teacher driver plumber
photographer doctor writer farmer
magician dentist friend clerk
athlete lawyer brother technician
Proper Nouns
The names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns. They
always begin with a capital letter.
◗ These people’s names are proper nouns.
Robin Hood Florence Nightingale Mom Miss Park
Aladdin Muhammad Ali Dad Mrs. Taylor
Frankenstein George Washington Granny Mr. Young
Harry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. Lee
Santa Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor Raj
Mahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana Jose
Confucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang Ming
◗ The names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper
nouns.
days of the week months
Monday January July
Tuesday February August
Wednesday March September
Thursday April October
Friday May November
Saturday June December
ST
Sunday AUGU 4 11 18 25
19 26
y 5 12
Sunda 20 27
n d ay 6 13
M o
4 21 28
y 7 1
Tues a
d
22 29
sday 8 15
Wedne 1
6 23 30
r s d ay 9 1
Thu 2 31
17 24
Friday 3 10
ay
Saturd

Nouns: Proper Nouns
◗ The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns.
New Year’s Day Veterans' Day
Mother’s Day Thanksgiving
Independence Day Memorial Day
Valentine’s Day Halloween
Labor Day Christmas
Ramadan Yom Kippur
◗ The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns.
Big Ben the Empire State Building
the Sphinx the Taj Mahal
Graceland the Eiffel Tower
the Grand Canyon the Golden Gate Bridge
the Sydney Opera House the Great Wall of China
Buckingham Palace Chaco Canyon Pueblo
the Leaning Tower of Pisa the Statue of Liberty
◗ The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper
nouns.
country people country people
Afghanistan Afghans Samoa Samoans
Australia Australians New Zealand New Zealanders
Britain the British Pakistan Pakistanis
China the Chinese the Philippines Filipinos
France the French Russia Russians
Germany Germans Nicaragua Nicaraguans
India Indians South Africa South Africans
Indonesia Indonesians Spain Spaniards
Italy Italians Switzerland the Swiss
Japan the Japanese Thailand Thais
Korea Koreans USA Americans
Malaysia Malaysians Vietnam the Vietnamese

Exercise 1
Write each common noun under the correct heading.
theater lion father brother
doctor restaurant builder stove
elephant kangaroo museum library
things animals places people
Exercise 2
Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in these sentences.
1. I told Uncle John about my accident.
2. Kim and Stephanie wore masks on Halloween.
3. The lawnmower is broken.
4. We’re going to the movies tomorrow.
5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs.
6. My sister’s favorite soccer player is David Beckham.
7. I’m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert.
8. The tourists visited Rome and saw the Colosseum.
9. Does this bus go to the stadium?
10. We’re reading a story about a boy called Harry Potter.
Exercise 3
Read the following passage containing common nouns and proper nouns. Put a C in
the box after a common noun and a P in the box after a proper noun.
Mr. Peters lives in Maine in a big house by the sea . He has three cats
and a dog . He likes to travel to different countries . Last Christmas , he went
to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . He enjoyed eating French food in nice
restaurants .
10
Nouns: Singular Nouns; Plural Nouns
Singular Nouns
Nouns can be singular or plural.
When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun.
For example:
a tent a park an idea
a taxi a doctor an oven
a house a lady an exercise
Plural Nouns
Use a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or
things.
◗ Just add s to make most nouns plural.
singular plural singular plural
a computer computers a mountain mountains
a chair chairs a river rivers
a train trains an envelope envelopes
a player players an insect insects
a teacher teachers an oven ovens
a taxi taxis an uncle uncles
N o t e s
n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns.
a river an armchair three biscuits
a castle an idea five eggs
n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u.
an artist an eye an insect
an oven an umbrella
n The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants.
But some words don’t follow these rules.
• a uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is
pronounced like the word you;
• an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words
is not pronounced.
11
Nouns: Plural Nouns
◗ Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.
singular plural singular plural
bus buses sandwich sandwiches
glass glasses witch witches
dress dresses brush brushes
branch branches flash flashes
church churches box boxes
beach beaches fox foxes
◗ Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and
adding es.
singular plural
baby babies
family families
story stories
teddy teddies
fairy fairies
puppy puppies
housefly houseflies
library libraries
city cities
lily lilies
party parties
dictionary dictionaries
◗ Nouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at
the end.
singular plural singular plural
key keys day days
monkey monkeys tray trays
donkey donkeys runway runways
toy toys chimney chimneys
boy boys trolley trolleys
cowboy cowboys valley valleys
12
Nouns: Plural Nouns
◗ Many nouns that end in f are made plural by changing the f to v and
adding es.
singular plural
half halves
leaf leaves
shelf shelves
wolf wolves
thief thieves
But some nouns that end in f
are made plural simply by
adding s.
singular plural
chief chiefs
roof roofs
handkerchief handkerchiefs
cliff cliffs
puff puffs
◗ Some nouns that end in f can be
made plural in two ways.
singular plural
scarf scarfs or scarves
hoof hoofs or hooves
dwarf dwarfs or dwarves
wharf wharfs or wharves
◗ Most nouns that end in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and
adding s.
singular plural
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
midwife midwives
13
Nouns: Plural Nouns
◗ Most nouns that end in o are made plural by adding s.
singular plural
video videos
hippo hippos
zoo zoos
kangaroo kangaroos
But other nouns that end in o are
made plural by adding es.
singular plural
tomato tomatoes
potato potatoes
hero heroes
◗ Some nouns change spelling from the singular form to the plural.
singular plural N o t e s
man men
woman women What's the plural of the kind
of mouse that you use with a
child children
computer? The plural is either
person people mice or mouses.
mouse mice
tooth teeth
foot feet
goose geese
◗ The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
singular plural
N o t e s
sheep sheep (not sheeps)
When you are talking about different
deer deer (not deers)
kinds of fish, the plural can be fishes,
fish fish (not fishes) for example:
aircraft aircraft (not aircrafts) the various fishes of the Indian Ocean
salmon salmon (not salmons)
14
Nouns: Plural Nouns
◗ Some nouns are always plural. N o t e s
trousers glasses
You can use a pair of with these
shorts spectacles plural nouns. For example:
jeans goggles a pair of trousers
pants scissors a pair of pants
tights binoculars a pair of glasses
pajamas pliers a pair of scissors
a pair of chopsticks
Some nouns are usually plural. a pair of sandals
a pair of gloves
shoes chopsticks
sandals gloves
slippers clogs
boots socks
Exercise 4
Underline all the nouns in the following sentences. Are they common or proper nouns?
Put a checkmark ✓ in the correct box.
common nouns proper nouns
1. Do you like cheese?
2. They stood next to the Niagara Falls.
3. May I borrow your umbrella?
4. The ambulance was driving very fast.
5. Carl did not agree with them.
6. She loves to visit Disneyland.
7. Would you like some more water?
8. The fog was very thick.
9. May I invite Tom to join us?
10. My car is very old.
15
Exercise 5
Read the following passage. Write S in the box after each singular noun and P in the
box after each plural noun.
Our teacher is a very nice lady . She’s very kind to all the children in the
class and she tells us very funny stories . Yesterday, she told a story about
the animals on a farm . They all had a race . The pigs and sheep ran
faster than the ducks and cows , but the heroes of the story were the
mice . They were faster than all the other animals , even though they had the
shortest legs !
Exercise 6
Read the following passage. Notice that the plural nouns are missing. Write the correct
plural form of the singular nouns in parentheses. The first one has been done for you.
Three ladies (lady) in pink (dress) took their (baby)
for a walk in the zoo. They saw four (giraffe), three (hippo),
two (kangaroo) and an elephant. They walked for so long that their
(foot) became sore, so they sat down on a bench for a rest near some
(monkey). The (monkey) were playing with cardboard
(box) and throwing (stick) at each other. After a while, the
(lady) looked at their (watch) and decided it was time to go
home.
16
Nouns: Collective Nouns
Collective Nouns
Words for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns.
◗ Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.
a family a crew
a team a club
a community a committee
a choir a company
a band a gang
an orchestra the government
an audience the army
◗ Collective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. If
the group is acting as a single unit, use a singular verb. If group members are
acting as individuals, use a plural
verb. For example: N o t e s
Always use a plural verb with the
The crowd was orderly. collective nouns, people and the
police. For example:
or
Those people live (not lives) in Asia.
The crowd were clapping, yelling The police have caught (not has
and cheering. caught) the thief.
◗ Here are more collective nouns you can use for groups of people.
a crowd of shoppers a gang of thieves
a company of actors a panel of judges
a class of schoolchildren a platoon of soldiers
◗ Many groups of animals have their own special collective nouns.
a herd of cattle a pack of wolves a litter of puppies
a flock of birds a pride of lions a troop of monkeys
a drove of sheep a pod of dolphins a brood of chickens
a gaggle of geese a school of fish a swarm of bees
17
Nouns: Collective Nouns
◗ Some groups of things also have their own special collective nouns.
a bunch of bananas a deck of cards
a cluster of grapes a flight of steps
a bunch of flowers a suite of rooms
a bouquet of flowers a suite of furniture
a range of mountains a set of tools
a fleet of ships a string of beads
a fleet of vehicles a grove of trees
◗ Some nouns name the amount or form of something.
a loaf of bread a bar of soap
a ball of string a bar of chocolate
◗ The words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.
a slice/piece of bread a slice/piece of cheese
a piece/square of chocolate a slice/piece of cake
a sheet/piece of paper a piece of chalk
a piece of information a piece of advice
Exercise 7
Read the following passage. Write the missing collective nouns in the blank spaces.
Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use.
Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A
of people had gathered round the monkeys. One of the monkeys had a
of bananas. Watching the monkey eat made the children feel hungry. Mom took a
of bread and some of cheese out of the picnic hamper
and everyone made sandwiches. After eating the sandwiches, the children had two
of chocolate each. Rudy wanted to give one piece to a monkey, but the
zookeeper gave Rudy a very useful of advice. “Monkeys may look friendly,
but sometimes they are very fierce,” he said.
18
Exercise 8
Read the sentences. Does the collective noun indicate a group acting together as a
single unit? If so, circle the singular verb. Does the collective noun indicate a group in
which each member acts individually? Circle the plural noun.
1. The jury (were/was) arguing about the importance of evidence.
2. A whole company of soldiers (is/are) marching in the parade.
3. A gaggle of geese (is/are) running every which way in the barnyard.
4. Those people (live/lives) in North America.
5. The police (has/have) arrested the suspect.
6. That troupe of actors always (stay/stays) at the Grand Hotel.
7. The committee (is/are) handing in their ballots.
8. Our school band (play/plays) many lively marches.
9. A big colony of ants (lives/live) under the front porch.
10. The government (are/is) entitled to collect taxes.
Exercise 9
Complete each phrase with a noun from the box that names a part or an amount of
something.
bushel scoop ream pair
drop grain pinch galaxy
1. a of stars 5. a of potatoes
2. a of sand 6. a of bookends
3. a of paper 7. a of ice cream
4. a of salt 8. a of rain
19