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Uy tín, chất lượng và sự phục vụ nhiệt tình
4000 Essential English Words 4
Paul Nation
© 2009 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book n a y be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Acquisitions Editor. Fidel Cruz
Project CooidirtJtor; Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
email; [email protected]
http://w w w .com pas5pub.com
ISBN: 978-1-599<»^05-7
10 9 S ? 0 5 A 3 2 1
12 11 10 09
Photo Credits
All images © Shutterstock, Inc. except: p. 1004000 Essential English W ords 4
4000 Essential English W ords 4
Paul Nation
© 2009 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
f
Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz
Project Coordinator: Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
*
email: [email protected]
http://www.compasspub.com
ISBN: 978-1-59966-405-7
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
12 11
Photo Credits
All images © Shutterstock, Inc. except: p. 180 © iStock International Inc.
6
0
Unit Target Words
aroma, beverage, cluster, combine, condensed, contemporary, cultivate, divine, humid,
1 odor, palate, paradise, plantation, rapid, rate, soothing, subtle, texture, toxic, vary
8
accident, admiral, arc, character, conscience, fiery, flesh, grapefruit, hay, horrified,
2 kerosene, loop, paddle, raft, sour, stake, steward, string, thorn, wreck
14
admonish, audible, awesome, beware, brag, conscious, disagree, echo, eventual, hint,
3 idiot, immense, indirect, option, pastime, perfect, pinpoint, switch, thorough, torment
20
beak, damp, disapprove, except, flight, fond, immoral, ivy, moan, oblivious, perish, pit,
4 rim, roost, slippery, soar, trivial, typical, utterly, weep
26
awhile, cyberspace, edit, essay, evaluate, faint, global, gymnasium, highlight, ignorant,
5 index, lecture, moral, operate, private, recent, resolution, semester, typewritten, weird
32
absolute, alas, attentive, cape, envision, evenly, folk, melt, patch, pleasure, pop,
6 pudding, rail, recipe, role, shrink, soak, spark, spirit, suit
38
account, architect, conceal, crime, deed, gratitude, habitat, intervene, landmark, legal,
7 memorable, oblige, offence, proclaim, rally, resolve, resource, sentence, volunteer, witness
44
access, conduct, constant, crack, device, enclose, grip, halt, impending, influence, law,
8 mode, perspire, replace, snap, sly, tend, valid, version, whatsoever 50
alongside, appetite, assist, breeze, defy, display, efficient, feeble, forgive, lively, majestic,
9 nor, outraged, pessimistic, rumor, slap, smash, subject, wage, whereas 56
animate, classify, concede, concept, construct, decade, diagram, ferry, handy, isolate, longing,
10 numerous, particle, plea, refrain, review, sophisticated, surrender, upright, worthwhile
62
alliance, applause, armed, authoritative, ceremony, culture, defense, detail, diverse,
11 enchant, equip, exception, genre, impact, lure, obstacle, shelter, sort, supply, vain
68
alternative, avenue, belly, bid, blow, conflict, continent, current, disrespect, enthusiasm,
12 harsh, lean, meantime, mischief, muscle, rescue, succession, terrain, timid, violence
74
affect, autograph, bead, brew, charm, destiny, horn, irritable, lag, maximize, nightmare,
13 nutritious, protein, signature, stuff, subconscious, van, warn, workout, zoom
80
brick, crumble, dough, express, fist, flexible, flush, injure, lump, mixture, reconcile, ruin,
14 shatter, shutter, sift, slight, sparkle, sprinkle, stale, utter
86
although, apply, await, beloved, bury, climate, complain, confuse, due, entire, establish,
15 furnace, leash, mature, measure, midst, misery, prior, research, variety
92
Unit Target Words
altogether, bind, bruise, custom, disobedient, foresee, glimpse, hoop, misfortune,
16 negative, per, plead, rip, sake, scrape, source, stern, stitch, thump, vehement
98
civilization, convenient, den, dew, drastic, exit, flock, fold, lid, loom, mighty, mushroom,
17 native, poison, reed, shield, stormy, sway, urban, wade
104
accent, barber, basement, blank, blink, choir, comic, complicate, decline, errand, glove,
18 hermit, justly, leather, ponder, reserve, script, search, slam, staircase 110
afflicted, aisle , atmosphere, author, breakdown, cargo, chapter, connect, etc., flip, idle,
19 notify, pea, raisin, retain, state, tray, unfortunate, vivid, vomit
116
betray, blast, bracelet, cease, choke, civil, comment, cross, dent, distrust, fort, found,
20 lining, mass, pray, rife, sole, sweep, treachery, tuck
122
background, bait, chronicle, copper, disease, folklore, infect, itch, literature, millennium,
21 myth, promote, relate, religion, sum, teller, trustworthy, update, vein, venom
128
charity, commerce, condemn, cozy, deplete, economy, empire, goods, heed, hitchhike,
22 mock, neutral, persecute, pity, reduce, scribe, temper, throne, unity, victor
134
accurate, analyze, asteroid, controversy, evolve, factor, genetic, genome, identical, intellectual,
23 majority, mammal, multiply, offspring, pesticide, regulate, reinforce, stricken, vast, vegetarian
140
cherish, compassion, consent, core, cunning, dizzy, equilibrium, foster, grind, growl,
24 moderation, predator, sane, saucer, snatch, stagger, stumble, tense, tumble, withhold 146
aircraft, celebrity, concrete, decisive, esteemed, ethical, extinct, hardy, institute, jealousy,
25 migrate, nurture, overhead principle, rural, secluded, species, swamp, traverse, zoology
152
assumption, barley, beast, colonel, contagious, corpse, crisis, cure, deformed, discriminate,
26 embassy, extinguish, flint, harass, integrate, miniature, nutrition, promptly, technician, tropics
158
beneficial, birthplace, capacity, comparative, comprehensive, conserve, crucial, cumulative, deposit,
27 distribute, equator, exotic, federal, formation, frequency, objective, oxygen, rainforest, strategy, wooded 164
avail, expand, define, dread, fundamental, horrifying, incredulous, linger, organism,
28 paraphrase, plague, presently, random, riot, scribble, shrine, solitude, stark, summon, worsen
170
automobile, candidate, confidential, corporate, enhance, era, guideline, incorporate, interact, interval,
29 mobile, modify, parallel, phenomenon, pollute, ridicule, solar, territory, tournament, transportation
176
bill, boundary, chaos, consistent, cyclone, doomed, heir, martial, organic, poultry,
30 scramble, sergeant, sheer, stance, telegraph, textile, tornado, typhoon, wail, wardrobe
182
9
T R f f h u ,
■
About the Vocabulary
The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words
presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most
useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course
books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The
words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different
levels of these materials. Because of the way
that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics:
1 They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course
you are studying, the words in these books will be of value to you.
1
2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in
learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to
encounter or use them.
3 These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written
text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and
at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in
conversation.
About the Books
The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of important learning
conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example
sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings
and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning
of the words in the context of a sentence— a sentence different from the sentences that
occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing
the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the
words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a
better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses.
Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it
is being used in the example sentence. These word/image associations aim to help
students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later.
It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this
series focuses on the word’s most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners
that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean
that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply
focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed.
Supporting Learning with Outside Activities
A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning
through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The
highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities.
In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities:
1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the
card and the translation of the word in the student’s first language on the other side.
Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several
weeks, students will find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more
effective than studying for hours at one sitting.
2 Assign graded readers at students’ appropriate levels. Reading such books provides
both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which will help the words stick in
students’ memory.
3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight
recognition and usage. Compass Publishing’s Reading for Speed and Fluency is a
good resource for reading fluency material.
4 Include listening, speaking, and writing activities in classes. Reinforcement of the
high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is important across all the four
language skills.
Author Paul Nation
Paul Nation is professor of Applied Linguistics in the Scho o l of Linguistics and Applied Language Stu dies
at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has taught in Indonesia, Thailand, the United States,
Finland, and japan. His specialist interests are lan gu age teaching m ethodology and vocabulary learning.
a r o m a [arouma] n.
An aroma is a scent or smell.
-* I love the aroma of coffee in the morning.
beverage [bevaridj] n.
A beverage is a drink.
— The waiter brought our beverages first. Then he brought our food.
cluster [klAstar] n.
A cluster of things is a small group of them placed close together.
-+ She held a large cluster of grapes in her hand.
combine [kambain] v.
To combine is to join together to make a single thing or group.
-» Mina combined peanut butter and jelly to make a sandwich.
condensed [kandenst] adj.
When a liquid is condensed, it is made thicker.
-► One way to make a dessert thick and sweet is to use condensed milk.
contemporary [kantempareri] adj.
When something is contemporary, it is related to the present time.
-+ Contemporary scientists have learned quite a bit about DNA.
cultivate [kAltaveit] v.
To cultivate plants is to care for them and help them grow.
-» A research company is cultivating new kinds of rice to aid poor countries.
d i v i n e [divain] adj.
When something is divine, it is related to gods.
-* Legends say that music was given to men as a divine gift from the gods.
humid [/?ju:mid] adj.
When it is humid, there is a lot of water in the air.
-* It is very humid inside of a sauna.
odor [oudar] n.
An odor is a very distinct smell.
-» He knew there was a leak when he noticed the strong odor of natural gas.
palate [paelit] n.
The palate is the top part of the mouth.
-> You can touch your palate with your tongue.
c paradise [pseredais] n.
Paradise is the place or condition of happiness where things are perfect.
-* My vacation in Hawaii was like being in paradise.
r plantation [plaenteijan] n.
A plantation is a big farm that only grows certain kinds of crops.
-* In the 1800s, there were many cotton plantations in the southern US.
c rapid [raepid] adj.
When something is rapid, it moves or changes very quickly.
-♦ His mother was surprised by her son’s rapid growth.
r rate [reit] n.
A rate is the speed at which something happens.
-♦ Grass tends to grow at a very slow rate.
r soothing [su:flinl adj.
When something is soothing, it makes you calm or relaxed.
-* The soothing music helped the baby fall asleep.
r subtle [sAtl] adj.
When something is subtle, it is not easy to see or notice.
-♦ The handsome man has a subtle smile.
r texture [tekstj9:r] n.
The texture of something is the way its surface looks and feels.
The texture of a rock found in the water is typically very smooth.
P tO X iC [taksik] adj.
When something is toxic, it is poisonous. Toxic things are very dangerous.
-» Please check the label to see if the product is toxic.
r vary [veari] v.
To vary means to be different from another thing in size or amount.
-» The heights of the people in my class vary by a large amount.
9
Choose the word that is the better fit for each blank.
1. rapid / rate
The population growth in the city was incredibly__________ . It is quite surprising
that people settled there at such a fast__________ .
2. contemporary / vary
Many___________ laws make it illegal for business to compete in unfairways.
However, the specific laws in different countries___________ greatly.
3. humid/toxic
Because it is quite___________ on the island, various kinds of plants grow well
there. However, some of these plants are__________ to humans.
4. texture / aroma
The cheese has a smooth__________ . However, some people find it hard to eat
because of its powerful__________ .
5. cluster / combined
A ___________of people suggested that nearby cities could fight the invaders if
they cooperated with each other. As a result, everyone__________ their efforts and
defeated the invaders.
6. soothing / subtle
The artist uses___________differences of color in her landscapes. This has an
overall calming and___________ effect on the viewer.
7. cultivated / odor
A huge garden was___________ in the middle of the city. However, a species of rare
plants gave off an unpleasant__________ .
8. beverage / palate
1 During a four or five course meal, one should drink something to clean the
__________ between courses. The perfect___________ for this is, of course, water.
9. condensed / divine
. I can explain the basic story in a simple,___________way. A boy is given a
__________ message, and he begins an exciting adventure.
I
10. plantations / paradise
The island of Oahu is not a natural like Maui. However, tourists still
P/MT A Match the phrases to make complete sentences.
1. A soothing cup of tea _
2. The odor of the cheese.
3. The pot’s texture____
4. The chemical is toxic______.
5. The contemporary fiction class_____
6. The rate at which these flowers grew _
7. My mother cultivates_____ .
8. The plantation had .
9. The thick and humid forest .
10. That cluster of stars in the sky makes.
a. was surprisingly fast b. includes work from the 21st century
c. feels so smooth d. covered almost a third of the country
e. was too strong to be enjoyable f. several species of flowers as a hobby
g. to insects and small animals h. twenty workers who grew cotton
i. is good for a sore throat j. the shoulder of Taurus the Bull
B Match the clauses to make complete sentences.
1. The scientists wanted to find a cure for the sickness, .
2. He offered to share his water,_____.
3. I prefer mocha to coffee .
4. Many new jobs were created,_____ .
5. The report was ten pages long, .
6. The doctor asked him to open his mouth,___
7. She walked in the door, .
8. Because the island is so warm and beautiful,.
9. Because patients’ bodies are so different,__
10. It didn’t rain all summer, .
a. so economic growth was rapid b. and Jim thought it was a divine message
c. people call it a paradise d. the effects of the medicine will vary
e. and she looked at his palate f. and she smelled the aroma of cookies
g. so they combined the chemicals h. because it has a subtle taste of chocolate
i. but I wanted my own beverage j. but the condensed version was shorter
The History of Chocolate
Many people believe that chocolate originally came from Europe. However, chocolate,
called the “food of the gods,” was first made in the Americas. The first chocolate was
very different from contemporary chocolate.
Wild chocolate trees can grow easily in the humid Amazon rainforest. Clusters of
flowers growing on these trees turn to seeds. About 20 to 60 cacao beans can be found
1 „JI in the seeds. Cacao beans are the ingredient needed to create sweet, soothing, and
; jl
delicious chocolate treats.
L^~M The Mayan and Aztec cultures both thought that chocolate trees were brought from
paradise by gods. The Mayans and Aztecs used the beans from this divine tree to create
a special beverage with a very pleasant odor. Surprisingly, the Aztecs believed that it
would be toxic to women and children.
-v-M In the 1500s, the Spanish explorer Cortes met the Aztecs. Cortes became quite
interested in the plantations where the Aztecs cultivated chocolate trees. When he
returned to Europe, he took cacao beans with him. He introduced the people of Spain to
the Aztecs’ chocolate beverage.
Over the next 100 years or so, kings, queens, and members of the upper class
enjoyed drinking chocolate. They enjoyed it even more once they learned to add sugar
to the beverage! Soon, chocolate had spread all across Europe. New machines allowed
chocolate makers to perfect their products and produce them at a very rapid rate.
Preparing the beans in special ways brought out the aroma of chocolate. The beans were
combined with condensed milk to give the chocolate a smooth texture.
Today, contemporary chocolates with subtle flavors fill the shelves of expensive
chocolate shops. The different types of chocolate
*1 w&
m available today vary widely. True chocolate
lovers can tell which is best, though. They will
r* tell you that the flavor of high quality
chocolate stays on the palate long
after you finish it.
r
A Mark each statement T for true or F for false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Wild chocolate trees grow well in humid weather.
2. The Mayans and Aztecs said chocolate was a divine plant brought from paradise.
3. The Mayans cultivated chocolate trees on plantations.
4. Beans were combined with condensed milk to give chocolate a smooth texture.
5. The first chocolate beverages were made in Europe.
6. The different types of chocolate available today vary widely.
B Answer the questions.
1. Which word is NOT used to describe chocolate in the reading?
a. Aroma b. Delicious
c. Soothing d. Sweet
2. Which of the following did NOT consume chocolate as a beverage?
a. Cortes b. Europeans in the 1500s
c. Mayan gods d. The Aztecs
3. Which group of people believed that chocolate was toxic to women and children?
a. Chocolate makers b. Plantation owners
c. The upper class in Europe d. The Aztecs
4. What allowed chocolate to be produced at a rapid rate?
a. Cortes of Spain b. Cacao beans
c. New machines d. Kings and queens
13
accident [seksidant] n.
An accident is an unexpected undesirable event.
She had to go to the hospital after she was in a serious car accident.
a d m i r a l [aedmaral] n.
An admiral is someone who controls many military ships.
-» They won the sea battle because of the admiral’s great leadership.
a r c la:rk] n.
An arc is a curved shape.
-» A rainbow has the shape of an arc.
character [k^nkted n.
Your character is your personality.
— My sister’s character is fun and very outgoing.
conscience [kdnjans] n.
Your conscience is your inner sense of what is right and wrong.
-* I recycle everything I can, so my conscience is clear!
fiery [faiari] adj.
If something is fiery, it is burning strongly.
-» The fiery blaze burned all night long.
flesh [flej] n.
Flesh is the skin, muscle and fat on your body.
-» The zebra’s flesh has black and white stripes.
grapefruit [greipfru :t] n.
A grapefruit is a fruit similar to an orange, but bigger and not as sweet.
-♦ Would you like a grapefruit with your breakfast?
h a y [hei] n.
Hay is dry grass used to feed animals or used as a covering.
-* I need to buy some more hay for the horse to sleep on.
horrified [hoirafaid] adj.
If you are horrified, you are very shocked and feel upset.
-* I was horrified when I read about the old lady who was attacked.
r kerosene [kerasi:n] n.
Kerosene is a type of oil. It is used in some lamps and stoves.
-* Many people in poor countries cook on kerosene stoves.
r lo o p [lu:p] n.
A loop is a line made into the shape of a circle.
-» He made a loop with the rope and placed it over the post.
r paddle [p&di] n.
A paddle is a piece of wood or plastic that moves a boat across water.
-* We need a paddle to help us move across the water.
C raft [raeft] n.
A raft is a floating platform made from pieces of wood tied together.
-► The man made a raft out of bamboo and floated out to sea.
r S O U r [sauax] adj.
When something is sour, it has a sharp and unpleasant taste.
-* I don’t like lemons because I think they are too sour.
r stake isteik] n.
A stake is a small, sharp piece of wood or metal that is put into the ground.
-* We marked our property by placing stakes into the ground.
r steward [syu.ard] n.
A steward is a person like a waiter who serves food on planes and ships.
-» The steward is bringing some tea.
r string [strinl n.
String is a thin piece of fabric or rope.
-* I found a large ball of string.
r thorn [eorn] n.
A thorn is a sharp part of a plant.
-» Be careful of the thorns when you pick the roses!
r wreck [rek] v.
To wreck something means to destroy or ruin it.
-+ The teenagers wrecked the house for no reason at all.
Exercise 1
PAR'D' A Choose the right definition for the given word.
1. thorn
a. a sharp part on a plant b. a captain on a ship
c. someone who serves food d. a piece of wood that moves a boat
2. arc
a. a thin rope b. a part of your mind
c. a circle in a rope d. a curved shape
3. raft
a. a waiter b. an undesirable event
c. on fire d. a floating platform
4. hay
a. oil b. dry grass
c. a piece of wood in the ground d. a fruit
5. character
a. where something is bought b. personality
c. difficulties d. skin and muscle
PjGMJ B Choose the right word for the given definition.
1. a piece of wood in the ground
a. admiral b. flesh
c. stake d. loop
2. frightened
a. wrecked b. horrified
c. fiery d. sour
3. a curved shape
a. arc b. hay
c. kerosene d. string
4. part of your mind that stops you from doing bad things
a. character b. conscience
c. accident d. steward
5. something you use to move a boat
a. thorn b. raft
c. grapefruit d. paddle
Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.
1. Tom was promoted, and now he is an important sea officer that controls military ships.
2. Some people thought that the meal was too sharp and unpleasant tasting.
3. The oil in lamps and stoves is a very cheap form of heat.
4. Why did you steal the woman’s bag? Don’t you have a mind that understands what is
wrong?
5. Can you buy three yellow pieces of fruit that are like oranges from the supermarket
please?
6. I hope that the waiter on the plane will bring some water soon.
7. After lightning struck the tree, the forest turned into a burning blaze.
8. Use this thin rope to tie the package.
9. I cleaned the rabbit’s cage and left some dry grass for it to eat.
10. I threw the ball through the line in the shape of a circle.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank.
character accident flesh stake wreck
1. I’m going to tie the cow to a ____________ in the ground.
2. You shouldn’t eat the chicken. The______ is still pink.
3. New drivers are more likely to__________ _ their cars than experienced drivers.
4. Many people were hurt in the boating____
5. My brother has a very friendly and cheerful
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Uy tín, chất lượng và sự phục vụ nhiệt tình
4000 Essential English Words 4
Paul Nation
© 2009 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book n a y be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Acquisitions Editor. Fidel Cruz
Project CooidirtJtor; Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
email; [email protected]
http://w w w .com pas5pub.com
ISBN: 978-1-599<»^05-7
10 9 S ? 0 5 A 3 2 1
12 11 10 09
Photo Credits
All images © Shutterstock, Inc. except: p. 100
4000 Essential English W ords 4
Paul Nation
© 2009 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
f
Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz
Project Coordinator: Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
*
email: [email protected]
http://www.compasspub.com
ISBN: 978-1-59966-405-7
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
12 11
Photo Credits
All images © Shutterstock, Inc. except: p. 180 © iStock International Inc.
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Unit Target Words
aroma, beverage, cluster, combine, condensed, contemporary, cultivate, divine, humid,
1 odor, palate, paradise, plantation, rapid, rate, soothing, subtle, texture, toxic, vary
8
accident, admiral, arc, character, conscience, fiery, flesh, grapefruit, hay, horrified,
2 kerosene, loop, paddle, raft, sour, stake, steward, string, thorn, wreck
14
admonish, audible, awesome, beware, brag, conscious, disagree, echo, eventual, hint,
3 idiot, immense, indirect, option, pastime, perfect, pinpoint, switch, thorough, torment
20
beak, damp, disapprove, except, flight, fond, immoral, ivy, moan, oblivious, perish, pit,
4 rim, roost, slippery, soar, trivial, typical, utterly, weep
26
awhile, cyberspace, edit, essay, evaluate, faint, global, gymnasium, highlight, ignorant,
5 index, lecture, moral, operate, private, recent, resolution, semester, typewritten, weird
32
absolute, alas, attentive, cape, envision, evenly, folk, melt, patch, pleasure, pop,
6 pudding, rail, recipe, role, shrink, soak, spark, spirit, suit
38
account, architect, conceal, crime, deed, gratitude, habitat, intervene, landmark, legal,
7 memorable, oblige, offence, proclaim, rally, resolve, resource, sentence, volunteer, witness
44
access, conduct, constant, crack, device, enclose, grip, halt, impending, influence, law,
8 mode, perspire, replace, snap, sly, tend, valid, version, whatsoever 50
alongside, appetite, assist, breeze, defy, display, efficient, feeble, forgive, lively, majestic,
9 nor, outraged, pessimistic, rumor, slap, smash, subject, wage, whereas 56
animate, classify, concede, concept, construct, decade, diagram, ferry, handy, isolate, longing,
10 numerous, particle, plea, refrain, review, sophisticated, surrender, upright, worthwhile
62
alliance, applause, armed, authoritative, ceremony, culture, defense, detail, diverse,
11 enchant, equip, exception, genre, impact, lure, obstacle, shelter, sort, supply, vain
68
alternative, avenue, belly, bid, blow, conflict, continent, current, disrespect, enthusiasm,
12 harsh, lean, meantime, mischief, muscle, rescue, succession, terrain, timid, violence
74
affect, autograph, bead, brew, charm, destiny, horn, irritable, lag, maximize, nightmare,
13 nutritious, protein, signature, stuff, subconscious, van, warn, workout, zoom
80
brick, crumble, dough, express, fist, flexible, flush, injure, lump, mixture, reconcile, ruin,
14 shatter, shutter, sift, slight, sparkle, sprinkle, stale, utter
86
although, apply, await, beloved, bury, climate, complain, confuse, due, entire, establish,
15 furnace, leash, mature, measure, midst, misery, prior, research, variety
92
Unit Target Words
altogether, bind, bruise, custom, disobedient, foresee, glimpse, hoop, misfortune,
16 negative, per, plead, rip, sake, scrape, source, stern, stitch, thump, vehement
98
civilization, convenient, den, dew, drastic, exit, flock, fold, lid, loom, mighty, mushroom,
17 native, poison, reed, shield, stormy, sway, urban, wade
104
accent, barber, basement, blank, blink, choir, comic, complicate, decline, errand, glove,
18 hermit, justly, leather, ponder, reserve, script, search, slam, staircase 110
afflicted, aisle , atmosphere, author, breakdown, cargo, chapter, connect, etc., flip, idle,
19 notify, pea, raisin, retain, state, tray, unfortunate, vivid, vomit
116
betray, blast, bracelet, cease, choke, civil, comment, cross, dent, distrust, fort, found,
20 lining, mass, pray, rife, sole, sweep, treachery, tuck
122
background, bait, chronicle, copper, disease, folklore, infect, itch, literature, millennium,
21 myth, promote, relate, religion, sum, teller, trustworthy, update, vein, venom
128
charity, commerce, condemn, cozy, deplete, economy, empire, goods, heed, hitchhike,
22 mock, neutral, persecute, pity, reduce, scribe, temper, throne, unity, victor
134
accurate, analyze, asteroid, controversy, evolve, factor, genetic, genome, identical, intellectual,
23 majority, mammal, multiply, offspring, pesticide, regulate, reinforce, stricken, vast, vegetarian
140
cherish, compassion, consent, core, cunning, dizzy, equilibrium, foster, grind, growl,
24 moderation, predator, sane, saucer, snatch, stagger, stumble, tense, tumble, withhold 146
aircraft, celebrity, concrete, decisive, esteemed, ethical, extinct, hardy, institute, jealousy,
25 migrate, nurture, overhead principle, rural, secluded, species, swamp, traverse, zoology
152
assumption, barley, beast, colonel, contagious, corpse, crisis, cure, deformed, discriminate,
26 embassy, extinguish, flint, harass, integrate, miniature, nutrition, promptly, technician, tropics
158
beneficial, birthplace, capacity, comparative, comprehensive, conserve, crucial, cumulative, deposit,
27 distribute, equator, exotic, federal, formation, frequency, objective, oxygen, rainforest, strategy, wooded 164
avail, expand, define, dread, fundamental, horrifying, incredulous, linger, organism,
28 paraphrase, plague, presently, random, riot, scribble, shrine, solitude, stark, summon, worsen
170
automobile, candidate, confidential, corporate, enhance, era, guideline, incorporate, interact, interval,
29 mobile, modify, parallel, phenomenon, pollute, ridicule, solar, territory, tournament, transportation
176
bill, boundary, chaos, consistent, cyclone, doomed, heir, martial, organic, poultry,
30 scramble, sergeant, sheer, stance, telegraph, textile, tornado, typhoon, wail, wardrobe
182
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T R f f h u ,
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About the Vocabulary
The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words
presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most
useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course
books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The
words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different
levels of these materials. Because of the way
that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics:
1 They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course
you are studying, the words in these books will be of value to you.
1
2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in
learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to
encounter or use them.
3 These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written
text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and
at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in
conversation.
About the Books
The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of important learning
conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example
sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings
and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning
of the words in the context of a sentence— a sentence different from the sentences that
occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing
the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the
words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a
better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses.
Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it
is being used in the example sentence. These word/image associations aim to help
students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later.
It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this
series focuses on the word’s most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners
that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean
that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply
focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed.
Supporting Learning with Outside Activities
A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning
through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The
highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities.
In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities:
1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the
card and the translation of the word in the student’s first language on the other side.
Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several
weeks, students will find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more
effective than studying for hours at one sitting.
2 Assign graded readers at students’ appropriate levels. Reading such books provides
both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which will help the words stick in
students’ memory.
3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight
recognition and usage. Compass Publishing’s Reading for Speed and Fluency is a
good resource for reading fluency material.
4 Include listening, speaking, and writing activities in classes. Reinforcement of the
high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is important across all the four
language skills.
Author Paul Nation
Paul Nation is professor of Applied Linguistics in the Scho o l of Linguistics and Applied Language Stu dies
at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has taught in Indonesia, Thailand, the United States,
Finland, and japan. His specialist interests are lan gu age teaching m ethodology and vocabulary learning.
a r o m a [arouma] n.
An aroma is a scent or smell.
-* I love the aroma of coffee in the morning.
beverage [bevaridj] n.
A beverage is a drink.
— The waiter brought our beverages first. Then he brought our food.
cluster [klAstar] n.
A cluster of things is a small group of them placed close together.
-+ She held a large cluster of grapes in her hand.
combine [kambain] v.
To combine is to join together to make a single thing or group.
-» Mina combined peanut butter and jelly to make a sandwich.
condensed [kandenst] adj.
When a liquid is condensed, it is made thicker.
-► One way to make a dessert thick and sweet is to use condensed milk.
contemporary [kantempareri] adj.
When something is contemporary, it is related to the present time.
-+ Contemporary scientists have learned quite a bit about DNA.
cultivate [kAltaveit] v.
To cultivate plants is to care for them and help them grow.
-» A research company is cultivating new kinds of rice to aid poor countries.
d i v i n e [divain] adj.
When something is divine, it is related to gods.
-* Legends say that music was given to men as a divine gift from the gods.
humid [/?ju:mid] adj.
When it is humid, there is a lot of water in the air.
-* It is very humid inside of a sauna.
odor [oudar] n.
An odor is a very distinct smell.
-» He knew there was a leak when he noticed the strong odor of natural gas.
palate [paelit] n.
The palate is the top part of the mouth.
-> You can touch your palate with your tongue.
c paradise [pseredais] n.
Paradise is the place or condition of happiness where things are perfect.
-* My vacation in Hawaii was like being in paradise.
r plantation [plaenteijan] n.
A plantation is a big farm that only grows certain kinds of crops.
-* In the 1800s, there were many cotton plantations in the southern US.
c rapid [raepid] adj.
When something is rapid, it moves or changes very quickly.
-♦ His mother was surprised by her son’s rapid growth.
r rate [reit] n.
A rate is the speed at which something happens.
-♦ Grass tends to grow at a very slow rate.
r soothing [su:flinl adj.
When something is soothing, it makes you calm or relaxed.
-* The soothing music helped the baby fall asleep.
r subtle [sAtl] adj.
When something is subtle, it is not easy to see or notice.
-♦ The handsome man has a subtle smile.
r texture [tekstj9:r] n.
The texture of something is the way its surface looks and feels.
The texture of a rock found in the water is typically very smooth.
P tO X iC [taksik] adj.
When something is toxic, it is poisonous. Toxic things are very dangerous.
-» Please check the label to see if the product is toxic.
r vary [veari] v.
To vary means to be different from another thing in size or amount.
-» The heights of the people in my class vary by a large amount.
9
Choose the word that is the better fit for each blank.
1. rapid / rate
The population growth in the city was incredibly__________ . It is quite surprising
that people settled there at such a fast__________ .
2. contemporary / vary
Many___________ laws make it illegal for business to compete in unfairways.
However, the specific laws in different countries___________ greatly.
3. humid/toxic
Because it is quite___________ on the island, various kinds of plants grow well
there. However, some of these plants are__________ to humans.
4. texture / aroma
The cheese has a smooth__________ . However, some people find it hard to eat
because of its powerful__________ .
5. cluster / combined
A ___________of people suggested that nearby cities could fight the invaders if
they cooperated with each other. As a result, everyone__________ their efforts and
defeated the invaders.
6. soothing / subtle
The artist uses___________differences of color in her landscapes. This has an
overall calming and___________ effect on the viewer.
7. cultivated / odor
A huge garden was___________ in the middle of the city. However, a species of rare
plants gave off an unpleasant__________ .
8. beverage / palate
1 During a four or five course meal, one should drink something to clean the
__________ between courses. The perfect___________ for this is, of course, water.
9. condensed / divine
. I can explain the basic story in a simple,___________way. A boy is given a
__________ message, and he begins an exciting adventure.
I
10. plantations / paradise
The island of Oahu is not a natural like Maui. However, tourists still
P/MT A Match the phrases to make complete sentences.
1. A soothing cup of tea _
2. The odor of the cheese.
3. The pot’s texture____
4. The chemical is toxic______.
5. The contemporary fiction class_____
6. The rate at which these flowers grew _
7. My mother cultivates_____ .
8. The plantation had .
9. The thick and humid forest .
10. That cluster of stars in the sky makes.
a. was surprisingly fast b. includes work from the 21st century
c. feels so smooth d. covered almost a third of the country
e. was too strong to be enjoyable f. several species of flowers as a hobby
g. to insects and small animals h. twenty workers who grew cotton
i. is good for a sore throat j. the shoulder of Taurus the Bull
B Match the clauses to make complete sentences.
1. The scientists wanted to find a cure for the sickness, .
2. He offered to share his water,_____.
3. I prefer mocha to coffee .
4. Many new jobs were created,_____ .
5. The report was ten pages long, .
6. The doctor asked him to open his mouth,___
7. She walked in the door, .
8. Because the island is so warm and beautiful,.
9. Because patients’ bodies are so different,__
10. It didn’t rain all summer, .
a. so economic growth was rapid b. and Jim thought it was a divine message
c. people call it a paradise d. the effects of the medicine will vary
e. and she looked at his palate f. and she smelled the aroma of cookies
g. so they combined the chemicals h. because it has a subtle taste of chocolate
i. but I wanted my own beverage j. but the condensed version was shorter
The History of Chocolate
Many people believe that chocolate originally came from Europe. However, chocolate,
called the “food of the gods,” was first made in the Americas. The first chocolate was
very different from contemporary chocolate.
Wild chocolate trees can grow easily in the humid Amazon rainforest. Clusters of
flowers growing on these trees turn to seeds. About 20 to 60 cacao beans can be found
1 „JI in the seeds. Cacao beans are the ingredient needed to create sweet, soothing, and
; jl
delicious chocolate treats.
L^~M The Mayan and Aztec cultures both thought that chocolate trees were brought from
paradise by gods. The Mayans and Aztecs used the beans from this divine tree to create
a special beverage with a very pleasant odor. Surprisingly, the Aztecs believed that it
would be toxic to women and children.
-v-M In the 1500s, the Spanish explorer Cortes met the Aztecs. Cortes became quite
interested in the plantations where the Aztecs cultivated chocolate trees. When he
returned to Europe, he took cacao beans with him. He introduced the people of Spain to
the Aztecs’ chocolate beverage.
Over the next 100 years or so, kings, queens, and members of the upper class
enjoyed drinking chocolate. They enjoyed it even more once they learned to add sugar
to the beverage! Soon, chocolate had spread all across Europe. New machines allowed
chocolate makers to perfect their products and produce them at a very rapid rate.
Preparing the beans in special ways brought out the aroma of chocolate. The beans were
combined with condensed milk to give the chocolate a smooth texture.
Today, contemporary chocolates with subtle flavors fill the shelves of expensive
chocolate shops. The different types of chocolate
*1 w&
m available today vary widely. True chocolate
lovers can tell which is best, though. They will
r* tell you that the flavor of high quality
chocolate stays on the palate long
after you finish it.
r
A Mark each statement T for true or F for false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Wild chocolate trees grow well in humid weather.
2. The Mayans and Aztecs said chocolate was a divine plant brought from paradise.
3. The Mayans cultivated chocolate trees on plantations.
4. Beans were combined with condensed milk to give chocolate a smooth texture.
5. The first chocolate beverages were made in Europe.
6. The different types of chocolate available today vary widely.
B Answer the questions.
1. Which word is NOT used to describe chocolate in the reading?
a. Aroma b. Delicious
c. Soothing d. Sweet
2. Which of the following did NOT consume chocolate as a beverage?
a. Cortes b. Europeans in the 1500s
c. Mayan gods d. The Aztecs
3. Which group of people believed that chocolate was toxic to women and children?
a. Chocolate makers b. Plantation owners
c. The upper class in Europe d. The Aztecs
4. What allowed chocolate to be produced at a rapid rate?
a. Cortes of Spain b. Cacao beans
c. New machines d. Kings and queens
13
accident [seksidant] n.
An accident is an unexpected undesirable event.
She had to go to the hospital after she was in a serious car accident.
a d m i r a l [aedmaral] n.
An admiral is someone who controls many military ships.
-» They won the sea battle because of the admiral’s great leadership.
a r c la:rk] n.
An arc is a curved shape.
-» A rainbow has the shape of an arc.
character [k^nkted n.
Your character is your personality.
— My sister’s character is fun and very outgoing.
conscience [kdnjans] n.
Your conscience is your inner sense of what is right and wrong.
-* I recycle everything I can, so my conscience is clear!
fiery [faiari] adj.
If something is fiery, it is burning strongly.
-» The fiery blaze burned all night long.
flesh [flej] n.
Flesh is the skin, muscle and fat on your body.
-» The zebra’s flesh has black and white stripes.
grapefruit [greipfru :t] n.
A grapefruit is a fruit similar to an orange, but bigger and not as sweet.
-♦ Would you like a grapefruit with your breakfast?
h a y [hei] n.
Hay is dry grass used to feed animals or used as a covering.
-* I need to buy some more hay for the horse to sleep on.
horrified [hoirafaid] adj.
If you are horrified, you are very shocked and feel upset.
-* I was horrified when I read about the old lady who was attacked.
r kerosene [kerasi:n] n.
Kerosene is a type of oil. It is used in some lamps and stoves.
-* Many people in poor countries cook on kerosene stoves.
r lo o p [lu:p] n.
A loop is a line made into the shape of a circle.
-» He made a loop with the rope and placed it over the post.
r paddle [p&di] n.
A paddle is a piece of wood or plastic that moves a boat across water.
-* We need a paddle to help us move across the water.
C raft [raeft] n.
A raft is a floating platform made from pieces of wood tied together.
-► The man made a raft out of bamboo and floated out to sea.
r S O U r [sauax] adj.
When something is sour, it has a sharp and unpleasant taste.
-* I don’t like lemons because I think they are too sour.
r stake isteik] n.
A stake is a small, sharp piece of wood or metal that is put into the ground.
-* We marked our property by placing stakes into the ground.
r steward [syu.ard] n.
A steward is a person like a waiter who serves food on planes and ships.
-» The steward is bringing some tea.
r string [strinl n.
String is a thin piece of fabric or rope.
-* I found a large ball of string.
r thorn [eorn] n.
A thorn is a sharp part of a plant.
-» Be careful of the thorns when you pick the roses!
r wreck [rek] v.
To wreck something means to destroy or ruin it.
-+ The teenagers wrecked the house for no reason at all.
Exercise 1
PAR'D' A Choose the right definition for the given word.
1. thorn
a. a sharp part on a plant b. a captain on a ship
c. someone who serves food d. a piece of wood that moves a boat
2. arc
a. a thin rope b. a part of your mind
c. a circle in a rope d. a curved shape
3. raft
a. a waiter b. an undesirable event
c. on fire d. a floating platform
4. hay
a. oil b. dry grass
c. a piece of wood in the ground d. a fruit
5. character
a. where something is bought b. personality
c. difficulties d. skin and muscle
PjGMJ B Choose the right word for the given definition.
1. a piece of wood in the ground
a. admiral b. flesh
c. stake d. loop
2. frightened
a. wrecked b. horrified
c. fiery d. sour
3. a curved shape
a. arc b. hay
c. kerosene d. string
4. part of your mind that stops you from doing bad things
a. character b. conscience
c. accident d. steward
5. something you use to move a boat
a. thorn b. raft
c. grapefruit d. paddle
Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.
1. Tom was promoted, and now he is an important sea officer that controls military ships.
2. Some people thought that the meal was too sharp and unpleasant tasting.
3. The oil in lamps and stoves is a very cheap form of heat.
4. Why did you steal the woman’s bag? Don’t you have a mind that understands what is
wrong?
5. Can you buy three yellow pieces of fruit that are like oranges from the supermarket
please?
6. I hope that the waiter on the plane will bring some water soon.
7. After lightning struck the tree, the forest turned into a burning blaze.
8. Use this thin rope to tie the package.
9. I cleaned the rabbit’s cage and left some dry grass for it to eat.
10. I threw the ball through the line in the shape of a circle.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank.
character accident flesh stake wreck
1. I’m going to tie the cow to a ____________ in the ground.
2. You shouldn’t eat the chicken. The______ is still pink.
3. New drivers are more likely to__________ _ their cars than experienced drivers.
4. Many people were hurt in the boating____
5. My brother has a very friendly and cheerful