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4000 Essential English Words 3
Paul Nation
© 2 0 0 9 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part o f this book n a y be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Acquisitions Editor. Fidel Cruz
Project CooidirtJtor; Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
email; [email protected]
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ISBN: 97Q *1-599co-*0*-Q
10 9 S ? 0 5 A 3 2 1
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\\\\v
English
Words
4000 Essential E n glish W ord s 3
Paul Nation
© 2 0 0 9 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transm itted in any form or by any means, electronic,
m echanical, photocopying, recording, or otherw ise, w ithout prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz
Project Coordinator: Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
email: info@ com passpub.com
http://w w w .com passpub.com
ISBN: 9 7 8 -1 -5 9 9 6 6 -4 0 4 -0
15 14 13 12 11 10 9
13 12
Photo Credits
All images © Shutterstock, Inc.
Paul Nation
Unit Target Words Page
arise, benefactor, blacksmith, charitable, chimney, compensate, encounter, exceed, forge,
1 8
humble, iron, ladder, modest, occupy, penny, preach, prosper, province, satisfaction, sustain
acquire, awkward, caretaker, deceive, discourage, fake, hatred, hut, inferior, lodge, neglect,
2 newcomer, offense, overlook, repay, ridiculous, satisfactory, shepherd, venture, wheat
14
alley, ax, bunch, chore, decent, disgrace, elbow, grateful, irritate, kid, loose, offend,
3 overnight, persist, pine, scar, sensation, sled, tease, valentine
20
bloom, compact, curl, decay, dessert, dip, distant, eclipse, fairy, grace, leisure, mankind,
4 passion, pillow, pulse, refresh, sneeze, spice, whistle, wool
26
acquaint, cemetery, curse, disguise, fancy, flashlight, hood, inhabitant, nourish, pirate,
5 publication, riddle, rot, scare, shortly, skeleton, spoil, starve, thrill, wicked
32
alert, broadcast, bulletin, bump, chop, closet, console, district, drawer, endure, execute,
6 grasp, rear, senator, skull, stir, tap, tremendous, underneath, worm
38
abandon, ambitious, bark, bay, brilliant, chin, complaint, deaf, enthusiastic, expedition,
7 horizon, loyal, mayor, mutual, overweight, refuge, restore, rub, senses, veterinarian
44
anniversary, arithmetic, ashamed, burst, carpenter, coal, couch, drip, elegant, fabric,
8 highlands, ivory, mill, needle, polish, sew, shed, thread, trim, upwards
50
ail, ally, boast, bounce, bully, carbohydrate, crawl, defeat, dial, dominant, mercy, nod,
9 opponent, quarrel, rival, sore, sting, strain, torture, wrestle
56
absence, aloud, bald, blanket, creep, divorce, imitate, infant, kidnap, nap, nowhere,
10 pat, relief, reproduce, rhyme, suck, urgent, vanish, wagon, wrinkle
62
abnormal, bamboo, blossom, compass, dialect, dishonest, dwarf, ecosystem, fatal, impatient,
11 leaf, manuscript, marsh, patience, perfume, pond, proverb, pursuit, recite, wilderness
68
anticipate, barrel, beam, casual, caution, contrary, deliberate, dissolve, explode, fasten,
12 germ, kit, puff, rag, scatter, scent, steel, swift, toss, triumph
74
aboard, bitter, bullet, devil, drift, enforce, fountain, harbor, inhabit, march, millionaire,
13 port, sheriff, startle, sweat, trigger, unify, vessel, voyage, worship
80
apprentice, assure, bandage, bleed, bond, chef, crown, departure, diligent, emperor,
fiber, horrible, impolite, kneel, luxury, massive, panic, priority, robe, scold
86
affair, assembly, bless, cereal, cheerful, diameter, exploit, famine, harvest, merry, nut,
pardon, pharaoh, ripe, roast, routine, scheme, slim, stove, theft
Unit Target Words Page)
adolescent, aptitude, compliment, hinder, journalism, jury, justice, liberty, literary,
16 pharmacy, pill, presume, privacy, punishment, sensible, slice, sorrow, straw, swell, tidy
98
affection, agency, ash, confine, dismiss, erupt, fate, lava, miserable, navigate, originate,
17 remainder, retrieve, shallow, slope, span, superstition, sympathy, vibrate, wander
104
armor, blaze, boom, cliff, flame, independence, invasion, knight, lightning, rebel, retreat,
18 revolution, spear, steep, summit, thunder, troops, warrior, withdraw, yield
110
bench, confront, daisy, dispute, horror, incident, mist, object, orphan, plot, pregnant,
19 rage, revenge, shame, sigh, sneak, spare, stem, supper, tender
116
beneath, cub, dawn, dissatisfied, ease, evident, hail, howl, leap, magnificent, necessity,
20 outcome, pile, profound, seize, squeeze, supreme, terrific, trait, vital
122
accustomed, affirm, astonished, bang, clan, dim, emphasis, fable, feast, glow, hollow,
21 instinct, joint, leak, physician, sacrifice, stiff, stroke, tragic, tune
128
accommodate, circus, coincide, commission, dose, dye, extent, gender, headline,
22 informal, inquire, messenger, peer, portrait, pose, ranch, steer, stripe, tame, tempt
134
Aborigine, ban, cautious, confess, cottage, daytime, desperate, fade, fierce, gamble,
23 lawn, mow, outlaw, prospect, purse, rod, seldom, shave, terrified, wizard
140
baggage, bulb, bundle, cattle, flee, graze, greed, herd, initiate, lane, luggage, nerve,
24 optimist, parade, pave, phantom, portable, poster, scratch, symphony, widow
146
circulate, consequent, derive, drown, dynasty, fraction, frost, illusion, invade, lieutenant,
25 marine, merit, navy, polar, ray, resign, suicide, tremble, underlying, via
152
alter, aside, autumn, blend, collapse, crush, curve, disgusting, drain, embrace, envy,
26 fireworks, flour, fuse, ginger, jealous, paste, receipt, wipe, wire
158
acknowledge, ambassador, blonde, conquer, drag, exaggerate, heritage, insult, meanwhile,
27 necklace, noble, precious, prejudice, rumor, sin, spectacle, stack, suspicious, tin, vase
164
ache, arctic, canal, chemist, chill, congress, dairy, descend, grocer, hesitate, institution,
28 jog, merchant, poke, postpone, splash, stubborn, suburb, tide, tragedy
170
bomb, certificate, circumstance, coffin, cope, criticism, devastate, frown, gaze, glance,
29 grief, groom, license, microscope, nuclear, portray, rotate, souvenir, submarine, trace
176
appliance, basin, broom, caterpillar, cupboard, delicate, emerge, handicap, hook, hop,
30 laundry, pursue, reluctant, sleeve, spine, stain, strip, swear, swing, utilize
182
9
About the Vocabulary
The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words
presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most
useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course
books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The
words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different
levels of these materials. Because of the way
that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics:
1 They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course
you are studying, the words in these books w ill be of value to you.
2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in
learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to
encounter or use them.
3 These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written
text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and
at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in
conversation.
About the Books
The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of im portant learning
conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example
sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings
and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning
of the words in the context of a sentence— a sentence different from the sentences that
occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing
the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the
words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a
better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses.
Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it
is being used in the example sentence. These word/im age associations aim to help
students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later.
It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this
series focuses on the word’s most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners
that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean
that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply
focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed.
Supporting Learning w ith Outside A ctivities
A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning
through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The
highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities.
In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities:
1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the
card and the translation of the word in the student’s first language on the other side.
Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several
weeks, students w ill find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more
effective than studying for hours at one sitting.
2 Assign graded readers at students’ appropriate levels. Reading such books provides
both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which w ill help the words stick in
students’ memory.
3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight
recognition and usage. Compass Publishing’ s Reading fo r Speed and Fluency is a
good resource for reading fluency material.
4 Include listening, speaking, and w riting activities in classes. Reinforcement of the
high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is im portant across all the four
language skills.
A u th o r Paul Nation
Paul Nation is p ro fe sso r of A p plie d Lin gu istics in the S c h o o l of Lin gu istics and A p plie d Lan g u a ge S tu d ie s
at Victoria University of W ellington, New Zealand. He h a s taught in In d o n e sia , Thailand, the United States,
Finland, and Japan. H is sp e cialist interests are la n gu a ge teach in g m e th o d o lo gy and vo c a b u la ry learning.
arise [araiz] V.
To arise is to happen.
-* Difficulties arose with his com puter because it was old.
benefactor [benafasktar] n.
A benefactor is a person who gives money to help someone.
-♦ The student’s benefactor gave him money to spend on his studies.
blacksmith [blaeksmle] n.
A blacksmith is a person who makes things out of metal.
-* The blacksmith pounded the piece o f metal u n til it was flat.
charitable [tjaeratabal] adj.
When someone is charitable, they help people who are in need.
— My sister was charitable enough to help me buy my firs t house.
chimney [tjfmni] n.
A chimney is a tall pipe used to carry smoke out of a building.
-* The cat was on the ro o f sittin g next to the chimney.
compensate [kampanseit] v.
To compensate is to pay someone for the tim e they spent doing something.
-» Her boss compensated her fo r the extra work she d id last week.
e n C O U n te r [inkauntar] v.
If you encounter something, you meet or come close to it.
-> I encountered a sea turtle while I was swim ming.
exceed [iksi:d] v.
To exceed is to be more than something.
-+ Since I exceeded my lim it, I decided to g e t rid o f my credit cards.
forge tfo:rd3] y.
To forge is to make or produce, especially with difficulty.
-* Stacy and Heather forged the ir friendship when they were teenagers.
humble [hAmbl] adj.
People who are humble do not believe that they are better than other people.
-*• Even though Bob is the sm artest boy in his class, he is humble.
8
ir o n [a ism] n.
Iron is a strong metal that is used to make many objects.
- * The horse had shoes made o f iron.
ladder [Isedax] n.
A ladder is an object that is used to clim b up and down things.
-» He used a ladder to clim b to the top o f his tree house.
modest [madist] adj.
If people are modest, they do not th in k that they are too im portant.
-» Derek is very modest fo r someone who is so rich.
OCCUpy [akjapai] v.
To occupy a place is to live, work, or be there.
-> Kevin and Alice occupied the chairs and had a long discussion.
penny [peni] n.
A penny is a coin worth one cent.
-► U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is on the penny.
preach [pit.tj] *
To preach is to talk about and promote a religious idea.
Aaron often preached about living an honest life.
prosper [prosper] V.
To prosper is to be successful or make a lot of money.
-» Frank’s new business fin a lly prospered after many years o f hard work.
province [prdvins] n.
A province is a small area that is controlled by a country.
-► Canada is divided into several different provinces.
s a t is f a c t io n [saetisfaekjan] n.
Satisfaction is a feeling you get when you do or receive som ething good.
Brad was fille d with satisfaction when he saw what was fo r dinner.
SUStain [sastein] v.
To sustain som ething is to keep it going.
-+ Wind pow er is a clean way to sustain a city with energy.
9
Exercise
A Choose the right word for the given definition.
1. to make or produce with difficulty
a. prosper b. arise c. penny d. forge
2. a person who works with metal
a. iron b. blacksmith c. charitable d. benefactor
3. to keep something going
a. exceed b. sustain c. preach d. occupy
4. a small area that is part of a country
a. ladder b. province c. encounter d. compensate
5. thinking oneself not to be too im portant
a. humble b. satisfaction c. chimney d. modest
DMSiJ B Choose the right definition for the given word.
l. benefactor
a. giver b. an area
c. money d. too much
2. compensate
a. where smoke goes b. to shape metal
c. a tool used to climb d. to pay someone in return
3. occupy
a. to be rich b. to happen
c. to see someone you know d. to be in a place
4. iron
a. a baby b. a type of metal
c. a good feeling c. a person who makes things with metal
5. exceed
a. to keep som ething going b. to not talk about yourself too much
c. to be kind to others d. to go past a certain lim it
Exercise 2
Choose the answer that best fits the question.
1. Which of the follow ing is a form of money?
a. A province b. A penny
c. A blacksmith d. A ladder
2. If you meet a boy on the street, y o u him.
a. exceed b. occupy
c. encounter d. sustain
3. Which of the follow ing is a good feeling?
a. Modest b. Humble
c. Satisfaction d. Charitable
4. Which one is part of a house?
a. Forge b. Compensate
c. Arise d. Chimney
5. Which word relates to the word re lig io n?
a. Iron b. Preach
c. Benefactor d. Prosper
6. Which of the follow ing means to happen?
a. Sustain b. Arise
c. Province d. Prosper
7. Which of the following do people use to reach high places?
a. A chimney b. A blacksmith
c. A benefactor d. A ladder
8. If you are smart with your money, then what w ill happen to you?
a. You w ill occupy a jail cell b. You w ill forge a strong relationship
c. You w ill prosper d. You w ill become humble
9. If someone gives money to others, we could say that they a re .
a. charitable b. modest
c. prosper d. exceed
10. Which of the following describes someone who thinks they are no better than others?
a. Benefactor b. Satisfaction
c. Humble d. Compensate
The Real St. Nick
At Christmas, children wait for St. Nicholas to bring gifts down the chimney. But it’ s
not just a story. St. Nicholas was a real person.
A long tim e ago, a man named Marcus occupied a house with his family. He was not
modest. He always told everybody he was the strongest man in the province.
He worked hard, but he could barely sustain his family. He wanted to save money
and prosper. Still, he could never earn a penny more than he needed.
One day, Marcus made an agreement with a blacksmith. The blacksmith had a lot of
work to do. But he couldn’t do it all by himself. Marcus wanted to help him forge iron.
The blacksmith agreed to compensate him with a lot of money.
In the same town, there was a man named Nicholas. At an early age, Nicholas
started preaching. But he also believed that he should be humble and charitable. He
learned that helping people gave him even more satisfaction than preaching.
One day, Nicholas encountered Marcus. Marcus told Nicholas about his agreement
with the blacksmith. “ I worked hard for him ,” Marcus said, “ but a problem arose. Even
though I worked for him, he did n ’t pay me.”
Nicholas wanted to help Marcus. That night, he went back to Marcus’ s house. He
brought a bag of gold. It exceeded the amount that Marcus needed. Nicholas climbed
up a ladder and dropped the bag of gold down the chimney. Marcus thanked his
benefactor.
Soon, people found out about Nicholas’s gift. He became well known and loved.
Even today, people still give secret gifts to children. And we say they are from St.
Nicholas.
jj^ .y ^
VIMIA Mark each statement T for true or Ffor false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Marcus occupied a home with Nicholas.
2. Marcus told Nicholas about his problem when he encountered Nicholas.
3. A problem arose for Marcus because he enjoyed preaching.
4. Nicholas got a lot of satisfaction from being charitable and humble.
5. Marcus was compensated by the blacksmith for helping forge iron.
6. The money that Nicholas gave Marcus exceeded the am ount he needed.
CICMT B Answer the questions.
1. Which of the follow ing is true about the job Marcus did?
a. He made pennies. b. He was compensated unfairly,
c. He preached to people. d. He barely sustained his family.
2. Why d idn’t Nicolas tell people that he gave money away?
a. He prospered. b. He d id n ’t want to be modest,
c. He wanted to be humble. d. He wasn’t popular in the province.
3. What was dropped down the chimney?
a. A penny b. A ladder
c. Gold d. A benefactor
4. Why did Marcus want more money?
a. To buy more iron b. To feed his fam ily
c. To give it away d. To become a blacksmith
acquire [akwaiar] v.
To acquire something is to gain possession of it.
-* Tina acquired a strange package yesterday.
awkward [6:kward] adj. j
If something is awkward, it is embarrassing and uncomfortable.
- » After dropping his coffee cup, Robbie fe lt awkward.
caretaker [kearteikar] n.
A caretaker is a person who takes care of very young, old, or sick people.
-* My grandm other’s caretaker helps her g e t around the house.
deceive [disi:v]
To deceive someone is to make them believe something that is not true.
- * He tried to deceive his friends as they were playing a game.
discourage [diska:rid3] v.
To discourage someone is to make them feel less excited about something.
- * Mr. Perry discouraged the students from q uittin g school.
f a k e [feik] adj.
If something is fake, it is made to look real in order to trick people.
-» The m odel was wearing fake eyelashes.
hatred [heitrid] n.
Hatred is a strong feeling of not liking someone or something.
- » I have a hatred fo r the taste o f medicine.
hut [hAt] n.
A hut is a house made of wood, grass, or mud that has only one o rtw o rooms.
-*■ We a ll went into the hut to sleep.
inferior [infiartar] adj.
If som ething is inferior, it is not as good as som ething else.
-* Cars b u ilt a hundred years ago are inferior to ones b u ilt today.
lodge [lad3] n.
A lodge is a house in the mountains, used by people who hunt or fish.
-+ During our ski trip, we stayed at a lodge.
neglect [niglekt] v.
To neglect someone or som ething is to not take care of it properly.
— William neglected his room, so it is a complete mess.
newcomer [ryu :kAm0 :r] n>
A newcomer is a person who has recently arrived at a place or a group.
-» The students happily welcomed the newcomer to the school.
offense [afens] n.
An offense is behavior that is wrong or breaks a law.
-* Stealing a car is a very serious offense.
overlook [ouvarluk] v.
To overlook som ething is to not notice it, or to not realize that it is im portant.
-* Brenda overlooked the last step and had a bad fall.
repay irhpei] *
To repay is to pay back or to reward someone or something.
-* She repaid her friend fo r a ll o f his hard work with a sm all gift.
ridiculous [ridikjalas] adj.
If something is ridiculous, it is silly or strange.
-♦ Steve looked ridiculous with those huge blue sunglasses.
satisfactory [saetisfaektaci] adj.
If something is satisfactory, it is good enough.
-» Mina often received satisfactory grades since she studied so hard.
shepherd [Jepard] n.
A shepherd is a person who protects and cares for sheep.
-* The shepherd moved the sheep to another field.
venture [ventjar] V.
To venture is to go to a place that may be dangerous.
-* Even though it was dangerous, they ventured up the mountain.
wheat I/7wi:t] n.
Wheat is a plant which makes grain. Wheat grain is used to make bread.
-* The fie ld o f golden wheat was ready to be harvested.
Exercise 1
PAHTD3A Choose the right word for the given definition.
1. a strong feeling of not liking someone or something
a. deceive b. repay c. offense d. hatred
2. not as good as
a. inferior b. hatred c. satisfactory d. venture
3. to get something
a. overlook b. discourage c. lodge d. acquire
4. to go to a dangerous place
a. wheat b. venture c. newcomer d. caretaker
5. a plant that makes grain
a. fake b. wheat c. shepherd d. hut
P£\H0' B Choose the right definition for the given word.
1. satisfactory
a. to pretend b. to care for
c. good enough d. project
2. newcomer
a. not comfortable b. someone new to a place
c. not as good as d. a glass lamp
3. repay
a. to give back b. to not pay attention to
c. a house for hunting d. a bad thing that someone does
4. fake
a. to fail to notice b. not real
c. to get d. to protect
5. discouraged
a. high place b. to dislike a lot
c. not real d. less excited
Exercise 2
Circle two words that are related in each group.
1. a. discourage b. lodge c. venture d. hut
2. a. shepherd b. caretaker c. repay d. wheat
3. a. offense b. fake c. hatred d. deceive
4. a. acquire b. awkward c. newcomer d. ridiculous
5. a. overlook b. inferior c. neglect d. satisfactory
Exercise 3
Choose the word that is the better fit for each blank.
1. fake / newcomers
The girl didn’t tike th e ___________ , so she played a joke on them. She put
___________ bugs in the ir drinks.
2. acquire / lodge
Dave hoped t o ____________a new house. T he ____________ where he lived was too
old.
3. repay / neglected
She was eager t o ____________the boy that had helped her repair her bike. While
others had s im p ly ____________ her, he was happy to help.
4. offenses / discouraged
Going to ja il____________the man from a n y ____________ in the future.
5. shepherd / venturing
In the middle of the storm, th e ____________looked for his lost sheep b y ____________
up the mountain.
6. deceive / ridiculous
My little brother tried t o ___________us by dressing in Dad’ s clothes, but he just
looked___________ .
7. wheat / hut
The farmer b uilt h is ____________close to th e ____________field so he could
constantly watch it.
8. awkward / caretaker
After th e ____________started a small fire in the kitchen, he felt v e ry ___________ .
9. overlook / inferior
Most shoppers tend t o ___________ any products that they th in k a re ____________to
similar things.
10. hatred / satisfactory
She had a ____________for food with tom atoes, but everything else on the menu was
17
The Shepherd
and the Wild Sheep
Once there was a shepherd. Every night he counted and gathered his sheep. He was
sure never to overlook any of them. One night, he saw some wild sheep had joined his
herd. He hoped to acquire the newcomers.
It snowed that night. In the morning, the shepherd couldn’t take his sheep out of
his lodge. Instead, he had to feed them inside. He gave a small amount of wheat to his
own sheep. But he gave more of the food to the wild sheep. He thought the extra wheat
would discourage them from leaving.
It snowed for several days. During that tim e, the shepherd’ s sheep ate very little. The
wild sheep, however, ate very well.
At last, the snow melted, and they ventured outdoors. As soon as he opened the
door of his hut, the wild sheep started to run away.
“ Wait! This is how you repay me? After I treated you so kindly, why do you run away?”
the shepherd asked. His voice was full of hatred.
The wild sheep stopped and turned toward the shepherd.
“ We’ re leaving because you fed us betterthan your own sheep,” one of the wild
sheep replied. “ You tried to deceive us with your ridiculous plan. Yesterday you treated
us kindly, but tom orrow you might be different. If more wild sheep joined your herd, you
would treat us as inferior sheep.”
As the wild sheep ran away, the shepherd understood his offense. He knew this
awkward situation was his own fault. He had not been a satisfactory caretaker. He was
a fake friend to the wild sheep. Because of this, he had neglected his own herd.
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4000 Essential English Words 3
Paul Nation
© 2 0 0 9 Compass Publishing
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retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
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English
Words
4000 Essential E n glish W ord s 3
Paul Nation
© 2 0 0 9 Compass Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transm itted in any form or by any means, electronic,
m echanical, photocopying, recording, or otherw ise, w ithout prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz
Project Coordinator: Annie Cho
Design: Design Plus
email: info@ com passpub.com
http://w w w .com passpub.com
ISBN: 9 7 8 -1 -5 9 9 6 6 -4 0 4 -0
15 14 13 12 11 10 9
13 12
Photo Credits
All images © Shutterstock, Inc.
Paul Nation
Unit Target Words Page
arise, benefactor, blacksmith, charitable, chimney, compensate, encounter, exceed, forge,
1 8
humble, iron, ladder, modest, occupy, penny, preach, prosper, province, satisfaction, sustain
acquire, awkward, caretaker, deceive, discourage, fake, hatred, hut, inferior, lodge, neglect,
2 newcomer, offense, overlook, repay, ridiculous, satisfactory, shepherd, venture, wheat
14
alley, ax, bunch, chore, decent, disgrace, elbow, grateful, irritate, kid, loose, offend,
3 overnight, persist, pine, scar, sensation, sled, tease, valentine
20
bloom, compact, curl, decay, dessert, dip, distant, eclipse, fairy, grace, leisure, mankind,
4 passion, pillow, pulse, refresh, sneeze, spice, whistle, wool
26
acquaint, cemetery, curse, disguise, fancy, flashlight, hood, inhabitant, nourish, pirate,
5 publication, riddle, rot, scare, shortly, skeleton, spoil, starve, thrill, wicked
32
alert, broadcast, bulletin, bump, chop, closet, console, district, drawer, endure, execute,
6 grasp, rear, senator, skull, stir, tap, tremendous, underneath, worm
38
abandon, ambitious, bark, bay, brilliant, chin, complaint, deaf, enthusiastic, expedition,
7 horizon, loyal, mayor, mutual, overweight, refuge, restore, rub, senses, veterinarian
44
anniversary, arithmetic, ashamed, burst, carpenter, coal, couch, drip, elegant, fabric,
8 highlands, ivory, mill, needle, polish, sew, shed, thread, trim, upwards
50
ail, ally, boast, bounce, bully, carbohydrate, crawl, defeat, dial, dominant, mercy, nod,
9 opponent, quarrel, rival, sore, sting, strain, torture, wrestle
56
absence, aloud, bald, blanket, creep, divorce, imitate, infant, kidnap, nap, nowhere,
10 pat, relief, reproduce, rhyme, suck, urgent, vanish, wagon, wrinkle
62
abnormal, bamboo, blossom, compass, dialect, dishonest, dwarf, ecosystem, fatal, impatient,
11 leaf, manuscript, marsh, patience, perfume, pond, proverb, pursuit, recite, wilderness
68
anticipate, barrel, beam, casual, caution, contrary, deliberate, dissolve, explode, fasten,
12 germ, kit, puff, rag, scatter, scent, steel, swift, toss, triumph
74
aboard, bitter, bullet, devil, drift, enforce, fountain, harbor, inhabit, march, millionaire,
13 port, sheriff, startle, sweat, trigger, unify, vessel, voyage, worship
80
apprentice, assure, bandage, bleed, bond, chef, crown, departure, diligent, emperor,
fiber, horrible, impolite, kneel, luxury, massive, panic, priority, robe, scold
86
affair, assembly, bless, cereal, cheerful, diameter, exploit, famine, harvest, merry, nut,
pardon, pharaoh, ripe, roast, routine, scheme, slim, stove, theft
Unit Target Words Page)
adolescent, aptitude, compliment, hinder, journalism, jury, justice, liberty, literary,
16 pharmacy, pill, presume, privacy, punishment, sensible, slice, sorrow, straw, swell, tidy
98
affection, agency, ash, confine, dismiss, erupt, fate, lava, miserable, navigate, originate,
17 remainder, retrieve, shallow, slope, span, superstition, sympathy, vibrate, wander
104
armor, blaze, boom, cliff, flame, independence, invasion, knight, lightning, rebel, retreat,
18 revolution, spear, steep, summit, thunder, troops, warrior, withdraw, yield
110
bench, confront, daisy, dispute, horror, incident, mist, object, orphan, plot, pregnant,
19 rage, revenge, shame, sigh, sneak, spare, stem, supper, tender
116
beneath, cub, dawn, dissatisfied, ease, evident, hail, howl, leap, magnificent, necessity,
20 outcome, pile, profound, seize, squeeze, supreme, terrific, trait, vital
122
accustomed, affirm, astonished, bang, clan, dim, emphasis, fable, feast, glow, hollow,
21 instinct, joint, leak, physician, sacrifice, stiff, stroke, tragic, tune
128
accommodate, circus, coincide, commission, dose, dye, extent, gender, headline,
22 informal, inquire, messenger, peer, portrait, pose, ranch, steer, stripe, tame, tempt
134
Aborigine, ban, cautious, confess, cottage, daytime, desperate, fade, fierce, gamble,
23 lawn, mow, outlaw, prospect, purse, rod, seldom, shave, terrified, wizard
140
baggage, bulb, bundle, cattle, flee, graze, greed, herd, initiate, lane, luggage, nerve,
24 optimist, parade, pave, phantom, portable, poster, scratch, symphony, widow
146
circulate, consequent, derive, drown, dynasty, fraction, frost, illusion, invade, lieutenant,
25 marine, merit, navy, polar, ray, resign, suicide, tremble, underlying, via
152
alter, aside, autumn, blend, collapse, crush, curve, disgusting, drain, embrace, envy,
26 fireworks, flour, fuse, ginger, jealous, paste, receipt, wipe, wire
158
acknowledge, ambassador, blonde, conquer, drag, exaggerate, heritage, insult, meanwhile,
27 necklace, noble, precious, prejudice, rumor, sin, spectacle, stack, suspicious, tin, vase
164
ache, arctic, canal, chemist, chill, congress, dairy, descend, grocer, hesitate, institution,
28 jog, merchant, poke, postpone, splash, stubborn, suburb, tide, tragedy
170
bomb, certificate, circumstance, coffin, cope, criticism, devastate, frown, gaze, glance,
29 grief, groom, license, microscope, nuclear, portray, rotate, souvenir, submarine, trace
176
appliance, basin, broom, caterpillar, cupboard, delicate, emerge, handicap, hook, hop,
30 laundry, pursue, reluctant, sleeve, spine, stain, strip, swear, swing, utilize
182
9
About the Vocabulary
The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words
presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most
useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course
books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The
words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different
levels of these materials. Because of the way
that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics:
1 They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course
you are studying, the words in these books w ill be of value to you.
2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in
learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to
encounter or use them.
3 These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written
text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and
at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in
conversation.
About the Books
The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of im portant learning
conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example
sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings
and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning
of the words in the context of a sentence— a sentence different from the sentences that
occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing
the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the
words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a
better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses.
Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it
is being used in the example sentence. These word/im age associations aim to help
students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later.
It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this
series focuses on the word’s most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners
that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean
that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply
focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed.
Supporting Learning w ith Outside A ctivities
A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning
through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The
highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities.
In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities:
1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the
card and the translation of the word in the student’s first language on the other side.
Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several
weeks, students w ill find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more
effective than studying for hours at one sitting.
2 Assign graded readers at students’ appropriate levels. Reading such books provides
both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which w ill help the words stick in
students’ memory.
3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight
recognition and usage. Compass Publishing’ s Reading fo r Speed and Fluency is a
good resource for reading fluency material.
4 Include listening, speaking, and w riting activities in classes. Reinforcement of the
high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is im portant across all the four
language skills.
A u th o r Paul Nation
Paul Nation is p ro fe sso r of A p plie d Lin gu istics in the S c h o o l of Lin gu istics and A p plie d Lan g u a ge S tu d ie s
at Victoria University of W ellington, New Zealand. He h a s taught in In d o n e sia , Thailand, the United States,
Finland, and Japan. H is sp e cialist interests are la n gu a ge teach in g m e th o d o lo gy and vo c a b u la ry learning.
arise [araiz] V.
To arise is to happen.
-* Difficulties arose with his com puter because it was old.
benefactor [benafasktar] n.
A benefactor is a person who gives money to help someone.
-♦ The student’s benefactor gave him money to spend on his studies.
blacksmith [blaeksmle] n.
A blacksmith is a person who makes things out of metal.
-* The blacksmith pounded the piece o f metal u n til it was flat.
charitable [tjaeratabal] adj.
When someone is charitable, they help people who are in need.
— My sister was charitable enough to help me buy my firs t house.
chimney [tjfmni] n.
A chimney is a tall pipe used to carry smoke out of a building.
-* The cat was on the ro o f sittin g next to the chimney.
compensate [kampanseit] v.
To compensate is to pay someone for the tim e they spent doing something.
-» Her boss compensated her fo r the extra work she d id last week.
e n C O U n te r [inkauntar] v.
If you encounter something, you meet or come close to it.
-> I encountered a sea turtle while I was swim ming.
exceed [iksi:d] v.
To exceed is to be more than something.
-+ Since I exceeded my lim it, I decided to g e t rid o f my credit cards.
forge tfo:rd3] y.
To forge is to make or produce, especially with difficulty.
-* Stacy and Heather forged the ir friendship when they were teenagers.
humble [hAmbl] adj.
People who are humble do not believe that they are better than other people.
-*• Even though Bob is the sm artest boy in his class, he is humble.
8
ir o n [a ism] n.
Iron is a strong metal that is used to make many objects.
- * The horse had shoes made o f iron.
ladder [Isedax] n.
A ladder is an object that is used to clim b up and down things.
-» He used a ladder to clim b to the top o f his tree house.
modest [madist] adj.
If people are modest, they do not th in k that they are too im portant.
-» Derek is very modest fo r someone who is so rich.
OCCUpy [akjapai] v.
To occupy a place is to live, work, or be there.
-> Kevin and Alice occupied the chairs and had a long discussion.
penny [peni] n.
A penny is a coin worth one cent.
-► U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is on the penny.
preach [pit.tj] *
To preach is to talk about and promote a religious idea.
Aaron often preached about living an honest life.
prosper [prosper] V.
To prosper is to be successful or make a lot of money.
-» Frank’s new business fin a lly prospered after many years o f hard work.
province [prdvins] n.
A province is a small area that is controlled by a country.
-► Canada is divided into several different provinces.
s a t is f a c t io n [saetisfaekjan] n.
Satisfaction is a feeling you get when you do or receive som ething good.
Brad was fille d with satisfaction when he saw what was fo r dinner.
SUStain [sastein] v.
To sustain som ething is to keep it going.
-+ Wind pow er is a clean way to sustain a city with energy.
9
Exercise
A Choose the right word for the given definition.
1. to make or produce with difficulty
a. prosper b. arise c. penny d. forge
2. a person who works with metal
a. iron b. blacksmith c. charitable d. benefactor
3. to keep something going
a. exceed b. sustain c. preach d. occupy
4. a small area that is part of a country
a. ladder b. province c. encounter d. compensate
5. thinking oneself not to be too im portant
a. humble b. satisfaction c. chimney d. modest
DMSiJ B Choose the right definition for the given word.
l. benefactor
a. giver b. an area
c. money d. too much
2. compensate
a. where smoke goes b. to shape metal
c. a tool used to climb d. to pay someone in return
3. occupy
a. to be rich b. to happen
c. to see someone you know d. to be in a place
4. iron
a. a baby b. a type of metal
c. a good feeling c. a person who makes things with metal
5. exceed
a. to keep som ething going b. to not talk about yourself too much
c. to be kind to others d. to go past a certain lim it
Exercise 2
Choose the answer that best fits the question.
1. Which of the follow ing is a form of money?
a. A province b. A penny
c. A blacksmith d. A ladder
2. If you meet a boy on the street, y o u him.
a. exceed b. occupy
c. encounter d. sustain
3. Which of the follow ing is a good feeling?
a. Modest b. Humble
c. Satisfaction d. Charitable
4. Which one is part of a house?
a. Forge b. Compensate
c. Arise d. Chimney
5. Which word relates to the word re lig io n?
a. Iron b. Preach
c. Benefactor d. Prosper
6. Which of the follow ing means to happen?
a. Sustain b. Arise
c. Province d. Prosper
7. Which of the following do people use to reach high places?
a. A chimney b. A blacksmith
c. A benefactor d. A ladder
8. If you are smart with your money, then what w ill happen to you?
a. You w ill occupy a jail cell b. You w ill forge a strong relationship
c. You w ill prosper d. You w ill become humble
9. If someone gives money to others, we could say that they a re .
a. charitable b. modest
c. prosper d. exceed
10. Which of the following describes someone who thinks they are no better than others?
a. Benefactor b. Satisfaction
c. Humble d. Compensate
The Real St. Nick
At Christmas, children wait for St. Nicholas to bring gifts down the chimney. But it’ s
not just a story. St. Nicholas was a real person.
A long tim e ago, a man named Marcus occupied a house with his family. He was not
modest. He always told everybody he was the strongest man in the province.
He worked hard, but he could barely sustain his family. He wanted to save money
and prosper. Still, he could never earn a penny more than he needed.
One day, Marcus made an agreement with a blacksmith. The blacksmith had a lot of
work to do. But he couldn’t do it all by himself. Marcus wanted to help him forge iron.
The blacksmith agreed to compensate him with a lot of money.
In the same town, there was a man named Nicholas. At an early age, Nicholas
started preaching. But he also believed that he should be humble and charitable. He
learned that helping people gave him even more satisfaction than preaching.
One day, Nicholas encountered Marcus. Marcus told Nicholas about his agreement
with the blacksmith. “ I worked hard for him ,” Marcus said, “ but a problem arose. Even
though I worked for him, he did n ’t pay me.”
Nicholas wanted to help Marcus. That night, he went back to Marcus’ s house. He
brought a bag of gold. It exceeded the amount that Marcus needed. Nicholas climbed
up a ladder and dropped the bag of gold down the chimney. Marcus thanked his
benefactor.
Soon, people found out about Nicholas’s gift. He became well known and loved.
Even today, people still give secret gifts to children. And we say they are from St.
Nicholas.
jj^ .y ^
VIMIA Mark each statement T for true or Ffor false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Marcus occupied a home with Nicholas.
2. Marcus told Nicholas about his problem when he encountered Nicholas.
3. A problem arose for Marcus because he enjoyed preaching.
4. Nicholas got a lot of satisfaction from being charitable and humble.
5. Marcus was compensated by the blacksmith for helping forge iron.
6. The money that Nicholas gave Marcus exceeded the am ount he needed.
CICMT B Answer the questions.
1. Which of the follow ing is true about the job Marcus did?
a. He made pennies. b. He was compensated unfairly,
c. He preached to people. d. He barely sustained his family.
2. Why d idn’t Nicolas tell people that he gave money away?
a. He prospered. b. He d id n ’t want to be modest,
c. He wanted to be humble. d. He wasn’t popular in the province.
3. What was dropped down the chimney?
a. A penny b. A ladder
c. Gold d. A benefactor
4. Why did Marcus want more money?
a. To buy more iron b. To feed his fam ily
c. To give it away d. To become a blacksmith
acquire [akwaiar] v.
To acquire something is to gain possession of it.
-* Tina acquired a strange package yesterday.
awkward [6:kward] adj. j
If something is awkward, it is embarrassing and uncomfortable.
- » After dropping his coffee cup, Robbie fe lt awkward.
caretaker [kearteikar] n.
A caretaker is a person who takes care of very young, old, or sick people.
-* My grandm other’s caretaker helps her g e t around the house.
deceive [disi:v]
To deceive someone is to make them believe something that is not true.
- * He tried to deceive his friends as they were playing a game.
discourage [diska:rid3] v.
To discourage someone is to make them feel less excited about something.
- * Mr. Perry discouraged the students from q uittin g school.
f a k e [feik] adj.
If something is fake, it is made to look real in order to trick people.
-» The m odel was wearing fake eyelashes.
hatred [heitrid] n.
Hatred is a strong feeling of not liking someone or something.
- » I have a hatred fo r the taste o f medicine.
hut [hAt] n.
A hut is a house made of wood, grass, or mud that has only one o rtw o rooms.
-*■ We a ll went into the hut to sleep.
inferior [infiartar] adj.
If som ething is inferior, it is not as good as som ething else.
-* Cars b u ilt a hundred years ago are inferior to ones b u ilt today.
lodge [lad3] n.
A lodge is a house in the mountains, used by people who hunt or fish.
-+ During our ski trip, we stayed at a lodge.
neglect [niglekt] v.
To neglect someone or som ething is to not take care of it properly.
— William neglected his room, so it is a complete mess.
newcomer [ryu :kAm0 :r] n>
A newcomer is a person who has recently arrived at a place or a group.
-» The students happily welcomed the newcomer to the school.
offense [afens] n.
An offense is behavior that is wrong or breaks a law.
-* Stealing a car is a very serious offense.
overlook [ouvarluk] v.
To overlook som ething is to not notice it, or to not realize that it is im portant.
-* Brenda overlooked the last step and had a bad fall.
repay irhpei] *
To repay is to pay back or to reward someone or something.
-* She repaid her friend fo r a ll o f his hard work with a sm all gift.
ridiculous [ridikjalas] adj.
If something is ridiculous, it is silly or strange.
-♦ Steve looked ridiculous with those huge blue sunglasses.
satisfactory [saetisfaektaci] adj.
If something is satisfactory, it is good enough.
-» Mina often received satisfactory grades since she studied so hard.
shepherd [Jepard] n.
A shepherd is a person who protects and cares for sheep.
-* The shepherd moved the sheep to another field.
venture [ventjar] V.
To venture is to go to a place that may be dangerous.
-* Even though it was dangerous, they ventured up the mountain.
wheat I/7wi:t] n.
Wheat is a plant which makes grain. Wheat grain is used to make bread.
-* The fie ld o f golden wheat was ready to be harvested.
Exercise 1
PAHTD3A Choose the right word for the given definition.
1. a strong feeling of not liking someone or something
a. deceive b. repay c. offense d. hatred
2. not as good as
a. inferior b. hatred c. satisfactory d. venture
3. to get something
a. overlook b. discourage c. lodge d. acquire
4. to go to a dangerous place
a. wheat b. venture c. newcomer d. caretaker
5. a plant that makes grain
a. fake b. wheat c. shepherd d. hut
P£\H0' B Choose the right definition for the given word.
1. satisfactory
a. to pretend b. to care for
c. good enough d. project
2. newcomer
a. not comfortable b. someone new to a place
c. not as good as d. a glass lamp
3. repay
a. to give back b. to not pay attention to
c. a house for hunting d. a bad thing that someone does
4. fake
a. to fail to notice b. not real
c. to get d. to protect
5. discouraged
a. high place b. to dislike a lot
c. not real d. less excited
Exercise 2
Circle two words that are related in each group.
1. a. discourage b. lodge c. venture d. hut
2. a. shepherd b. caretaker c. repay d. wheat
3. a. offense b. fake c. hatred d. deceive
4. a. acquire b. awkward c. newcomer d. ridiculous
5. a. overlook b. inferior c. neglect d. satisfactory
Exercise 3
Choose the word that is the better fit for each blank.
1. fake / newcomers
The girl didn’t tike th e ___________ , so she played a joke on them. She put
___________ bugs in the ir drinks.
2. acquire / lodge
Dave hoped t o ____________a new house. T he ____________ where he lived was too
old.
3. repay / neglected
She was eager t o ____________the boy that had helped her repair her bike. While
others had s im p ly ____________ her, he was happy to help.
4. offenses / discouraged
Going to ja il____________the man from a n y ____________ in the future.
5. shepherd / venturing
In the middle of the storm, th e ____________looked for his lost sheep b y ____________
up the mountain.
6. deceive / ridiculous
My little brother tried t o ___________us by dressing in Dad’ s clothes, but he just
looked___________ .
7. wheat / hut
The farmer b uilt h is ____________close to th e ____________field so he could
constantly watch it.
8. awkward / caretaker
After th e ____________started a small fire in the kitchen, he felt v e ry ___________ .
9. overlook / inferior
Most shoppers tend t o ___________ any products that they th in k a re ____________to
similar things.
10. hatred / satisfactory
She had a ____________for food with tom atoes, but everything else on the menu was
17
The Shepherd
and the Wild Sheep
Once there was a shepherd. Every night he counted and gathered his sheep. He was
sure never to overlook any of them. One night, he saw some wild sheep had joined his
herd. He hoped to acquire the newcomers.
It snowed that night. In the morning, the shepherd couldn’t take his sheep out of
his lodge. Instead, he had to feed them inside. He gave a small amount of wheat to his
own sheep. But he gave more of the food to the wild sheep. He thought the extra wheat
would discourage them from leaving.
It snowed for several days. During that tim e, the shepherd’ s sheep ate very little. The
wild sheep, however, ate very well.
At last, the snow melted, and they ventured outdoors. As soon as he opened the
door of his hut, the wild sheep started to run away.
“ Wait! This is how you repay me? After I treated you so kindly, why do you run away?”
the shepherd asked. His voice was full of hatred.
The wild sheep stopped and turned toward the shepherd.
“ We’ re leaving because you fed us betterthan your own sheep,” one of the wild
sheep replied. “ You tried to deceive us with your ridiculous plan. Yesterday you treated
us kindly, but tom orrow you might be different. If more wild sheep joined your herd, you
would treat us as inferior sheep.”
As the wild sheep ran away, the shepherd understood his offense. He knew this
awkward situation was his own fault. He had not been a satisfactory caretaker. He was
a fake friend to the wild sheep. Because of this, he had neglected his own herd.