Luận văn;luận văn thạc sĩ;luận án tiến sĩ;tài liệu; khóa luận tốt nghiệp; báo cáo khoa học;đồ án tốt nghiệp;khoán luận 22052015183133
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☞1. Chñ ng÷ (subject). 7
❂ 1.1 Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc vµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
❂ 1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
❂ 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
❂ 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
❂ 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
❂ 1.6 Some, any
☞2. §éng tõ ( verb)
❂ 2.1 HiÖ n t¹i (present)
➢2.1.1 HiÖ nt¹i ® ¬n gi¶n (simple present)
➢2.1.2 HiÖ n t¹i tiÕ p diÔ n (present progressive)
➢2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh)
➢2.1.4 HiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n ( preset perfect progressive)
❂ 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
➢2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ® ¬n gi¶n (simple past)
➢2.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕ p diÔ n (Past progresive).
➢2.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµ n thµ nh (past perfect).
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➢2.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n (past perfect progressive).
❂ 2.3 T−¬ng lai
➢2.3.1 T−¬ng lai ® ¬n gi¶n (simple future)
➢2.3.2 T−¬ng lai tiÕ p diÔ n ( future progressive)
➢2.3.3 T−¬ng lai hoµ n thµ nh (future perfect)
☞3. Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ® éng tõ.
❂ 3.1 Chñ ng÷ ® ø ng t¸ch khái ® éng tõ.
❂ 3.2 C¸c danh tõ lu«n ® ß i hái ® éng tõ vµ ® ¹i tõ sè it.
❂ 3.3 C¸ch sö dông none, no
❂ 3.4 C¸ch sö dông cÊ u tróc either ... or vµ neither ... nor.
❂ 3.5 C¸c danh tõ tË p thÓ
❂ 3.6 C¸ch sö dông A number of/ the number of
❂ 3.7 C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒ u.
❂ 3.8 C¸ch dïng c¸c thµ nh ng÷ There is, there are
☞4. §¹i tõ
❂ 4.1 §¹i tõ nh© n x−ng chñ ng÷ (Subject pronoun)
❂ 4.2 §¹i tõ nh© n x−ng t© n ng÷
❂ 4.3 TÝ nh tõ së h÷u
❂ 4.4 §¹i tõ së h÷u
❂ 4.5 §¹i tõ ph¶n th© n (reflexive pronoun)
☞5. §éng tõ dïng lµ m t© n ng÷
❂ 5.1 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ m t© n ng÷
❂ 5.2 Ving dïng lµ m t© n ng÷
❂ 5.3 3 ® éng tõ ® Æ c biÖ t
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❂ 5.4 C¸c ® éng tõ ® ø ng ® » ng sau giíi tõ
❂ 5.5 VÊ n ® Ò ® ¹i tõ ® i tr−íc ® éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆ c Ving lµ m t© n ng÷.
☞6. C¸ch sö dông ® éng tõ b¸n khiÕ m khuyÕ t need vµ dare
❂ 6.1 need
❂ 6.2 Dare
☞7. C¸ch dïng ® éng tõ to be + infinitive
☞8. C© u hái
❂ 8.1 C© u hái yes vµ no
❂ 8.2 C© u hái th«ng b¸o
➢8.2.1 who vµ what lµ m chñ ng÷.
➢8.2.2 Whom vµ what lµ t© n ng÷ cña c© u hái
➢8.2.3 C© u hái dµ nh cho c¸c bæ ng÷ (when, where, why, how)
❂ 8.3 C© u hái gi¸n tiÕ p (embedded questions)
❂ 8.4 C© u hái cã ® u«i
☞9. Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh vµ phñ ® Þ nh.
❂ 9.1 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh.
❂ 9.2 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ® Þ nh
☞10. C© u phñ ® Þ nh
☞11. MÖ nh lÖ nh thø c
❂ 11.1 MÖ nh lÖ nh thø c trùc tiÕ p.
❂ 11.2 MÖ nh lÖ nh thø c gi¸n tiÕ p.
☞12. §éng tõ khiÕ m khuyÕ t.
❂ 12.1 DiÔ n ® ¹t thêi t−¬ng lai.
❂ 12.2 DiÔ n ® ¹t c© u ® iÒ u kiÖ n.
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➢12.2.1 §iÒ u kiÖ n cã thÓ thùc hiÖ n ® −îc ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i.
➢12.2.2 §iÒ u kiÖ n kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖ n ® −îc ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i.
➢12.2.3 §iÒ u kiÖ n kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖ n ® −îc ë thêi qu¸ khø .
➢12.2.4 C¸c c¸ch dïng ® Æ c biÖ t cña Will, would vµ sould trong c¸c mÖ nh
® Ò if
☞13. C¸ch sö dông thµ nh ng÷ as if, as though.
❂ 13.1 Thêi hiÖ n t¹i.
❂ 13.2 Thêi qu¸ khø .
☞14. C¸ch sö dông ® éng tõ To hope vµ to wish.
❂ 14.1 Thêi t−¬ng lai.
❂ 14.2 Thêi hiÖ n t¹i
❂ 14.3 Thêi qu¸ khø .
☞15. C¸ch sö dông thµ nh ng÷ used to vµ get/be used to
❂ 15.1 used to.
❂ 15.2 get / be used to.
☞16. C¸ch sö dông thµ nh ng÷ Would rather
❂ 16.1 Lo¹i c© u cã mét chñ ng÷.
❂ 16.2 Lo¹i c© u cã 2 chñ ng÷
☞17. C¸ch sö dông Would Like
☞18. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ® éng tõ khiÕ m khuyÕ t ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë
hiÖ n t¹i.
❂ 18.1 Could/may/might.
❂ 18.2 Should
❂ 18.3 Must
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☞19. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ® éng tõ khiÕ m khuyÕ t ® Ó diÕ n ® ¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë
thêi qu¸ khø .
☞20. tÝ nh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb).
☞21. §éng tõ nèi.
☞22. So s¸nh cña tÝ nh tõ vµ danh tõ
❂ 22.1 So s¸nh b» ng.
❂ 22.2 So s¸nh h¬n, kÐ m
❂ 22.3 So s¸nh hîp lý
❂ 22.4 C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh ® Æ c biÖ t
❂ 22.5 So s¸nh ® a bé
❂ 22.6 So s¸nh kÐ p (cµ ng ....th× cµ ng)
❂ 22.7 No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th× ; ch¼ ng bao l© u ... th× )
☞23. D¹ng nguyªn, so s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊ t.
☞24. C¸c danh tõ lµ m chø c n¨ng tÝ nh tõ
☞25. Enough víi tÝ nh tõ, phã tõ vµ danh tõ
☞26. C¸c tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh© n
❂ 26.1 Because/ because of
❂ 26.2 Môc ® Ý ch vµ kÕ t qu¶ (so that- ® Ó )
❂ 26.3 Cause and effect
☞27. Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝ nh ® iÒ u kiÖ n
☞28. C© u bÞ ® éng
☞29. §éng tõ g© y nguyªn nh© n
❂ 29.1 Have/ get / make
❂ 29.2 Let
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❂ 29.3 Help
☞30. Ba ® éng tõ ® Æ c biÖ t
☞31. CÊ u tróc phø c hîp vµ ® ¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ
❂ 31.1 That vµ Which lµ m chñ ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.2 That vµ wich lµ m t© n ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.3 Who lµ m chñ ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.4 Whom lµ m t© n ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.5 MÖ nh ® Ò phô b¾ t buéc vµ mÖ nh ® Ò phô kh«ng b¾ t buéc
❂ 31.6 TÇ m quan träng cña dÊ u phÈ y trong mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 31.7 C¸ch sö dông All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which
❂ 31.8 What vµ whose
☞32. C¸ch lo¹i bá c¸c mÖ nh ® Ò phô
☞33. C¸ch sö dông ph© n tõ 1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t
☞34. C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉ u hoµ n thµ nh
☞35. Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that
❂ 35.1 That víi t− c¸ch cña mét liªn tõ (r» ng)
❂ 35.2 MÖ nh ® Ò cã that
☞36. C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh
❂ 36.1 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng would rather that
❂ 36.2 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng víi ® éng tõ trong b¶ng.
❂ 36.3 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng víi tÝ nh tõ
❂ 36.4 Dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c
❂ 36.5 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng víi it is time
☞37. Lèi nãi bao hµ m
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❂ 37.1 Not only ... but also (kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cß n)
❂ 37.2 As well as (còng nh−, còng nh− lµ )
❂ 37.3 Both ... and ( c¶ ... lÉ n )
☞38. C¸ch sö dông to know vµ to know how
☞39. MÖ nh ® Ò nh−îng bé
❂ 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mÆ c dï)
❂ 39.2 although, even though, though
☞40. Nh÷ng ® éng tõ dÔ g© y nhÇ m lÉ n
☞41. Mét sè ® éng tõ ® Æ c biÖ t kh¸c.
Ph Ç n I I
TiÕng Anh viÕt
I. C¸c lçi th−êng gÆ p trong tiÕ ng anh viÕ t
☞42. Sù hoµ hîp cña thêi ® éng tõ
☞43. C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell
☞44. Tõ ® i tr−íc ® Ó giíi thiÖ u
☞45. §¹i tõ nh© n x−ng one vµ you
☞46. C¸ch sö dông ph© n tõ më ® Ç u cho mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 46.1 V+ing më ® Ç u mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 46.2 Ph© n tõ 2 më ® Ç u mÖ nh ® Ò phô ® Ó chØ bÞ ® éng
❂ 46.3 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ® Ý ch më ® Ç u cho mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 46.4 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆ c ng÷ giíi tõ më ® Ç u mÖ nh ® Ò phô chØ sù
t−¬ng ø ng
☞47. Ph© n tõ dïng lµ m tÝ nh tõ
❂ 47.1 Dïng ph© n tõ 1 lµ m tÝ nh tõ
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❂ 47.2 Dïng ph© n tõ 2 lµ m tÝ nh tõ
☞48. Thõa (redundancy)
☞49. CÊ u tróc c© u song song
☞50. Th«ng tin trùc tiÕ p vµ th«ng tin gi¸n tiÕ p
❂ 50.1 C© u trùc tiÕ p vµ c© u gi¸n tiÕ p
❂ 50.2 Ph−¬ng ph¸p chuyÓ n ® æ i tõ c© u trùc tiÕ p sang c© u gi¸n tiÕ p
❂ 50.3 §éng tõ víi t© n ng÷ trùc tiÕ p vµ t© n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕ p
☞51. Phã tõ ® ¶o lªn ® Ç u c© u
☞52. C¸ch chän nh÷ng c© u tr¶ lêi ® óng
☞53. Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g© y nhÇ m lÉ n
☞54. C¸ch sö dông giíi tõ
❂ 54.1 During - trong suèt (hµ nh ® éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi gian)
❂ 54.2 From (tõ) >< to (® Õ n)
❂ 54.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµ o)
❂ 54.4 by
❂ 54.5 In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜ a x¸c ® Þ nh h¬n at
❂ 54.6 on
❂ 54.7 at - ë t¹i (th−êng lµ bªn ngoµ i, kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh b» ng in)
☞55. Ng÷ ® éng tõ
☞56. Sù kÕ t hîp cña c¸c danh tõ, ® éng tõ vµ tÝ nh tõ víi c¸c giíi tõ
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
CÊu tróc c©u tiÕng Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Chñ ng÷ §éng tõ vÞ ng÷ t© n ng÷ bæ ng÷
1. Chñ ng÷ (subject)
• §ø ng ® Ç u c© u lµ m chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕ t ® Þ nh viÖ c chia ® éng tõ.
• Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 ® éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒ u nhÊ t vÉ n lµ 1
danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊ n ® Ò sau:
1.1 Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc vµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
- Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc cã thÓ ® −îc dïng víi sè ® Õ m do ® ã cã h× nh th¸i sè Ý t, sè nhiÒ u. Nã cã thÓ
dïng ® −îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the.
- Danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc kh«ng dïng ® −îc víi sè ® Õ m do ® ã nã kh«ng cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u. Do
® ã, nã kh«ng dïng ® −îc víi a (an).
- Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u ® Æ c biÖ t vÝ dô:
person - people woman – women
mouse - mice foot – feet
tooth - teeth man - men.
-Sau ® © y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc mµ ta cÇ n biÕ t.
Sand soap physics mathematics
News mumps Air politics
measles information Meat homework
food economics advertising* money
* MÆ c dïadvertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc, nh−ng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc.
VÝ dô:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water, ® «i lóc ® −îc dïng nh− c¸c
danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc ® Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ® ã.
VÝ dô:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(chØ ra mét lo¹i thø c ¨n ® Æ c biÖ t nµ o ® ã)
He studies meats
( ch¼ ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
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B¶ng sau lµ c¸c ® Þ nh ng÷ dïng ® −îc víi danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc vµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc (with count noun) Danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc (with non-count noun)
a (an), the, some, any the, some, any
this, that, these, those, this, that
none,one,two,three,... non
many much (th−êng dïng trong c© u phñ ® Þ nh hoÆ c c© u hái
a lot of a lot of
plenty of
a large number of a large amount of
a great number of, a great many of. a great deal of
(a) few (a) little
few ... than less ... than
more ... than more ... than
- Danh tõ time nÕ u dïng víi nghÜ a thêi gian lµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc nh−ng nÕ u dïng víi nghÜ a sè lÇ n
hoÆ c thêi ® ¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc.
VÝ dô:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vµ an
an - ® −îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng 4 nguyªn © m (vowel) a, e, i, o
- hai b¸n nguyªn © m u, y
- c¸c danh tõ b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng h c© m.
vÝ dô: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- hoÆ c tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕ t t¾ t ® −îc ® äc nh− 1 nguyªn © m.
VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : ® −îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng phô © m (consonant).
- dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ mÆ t ® Æ c
® iÓ m, tÝ nh chÊ t, vÞ trÝ hoÆ c ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n lÇ n ® Ç u trong c© u.
- ® −îc dïng trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊ t ® Þ nh.
VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.
- dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ® Õ m nhÊ t ® Þ nh, ® Æ c biÖ t lµ chØ hµ ng tr¨m, hµ ng ngµ n.
VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand.
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- tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ® ¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑ n.
VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ® äc lµ one and a half kilos.
Chó ý : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half).
- dïng tr−íc half khi nã ® i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµ nh tõ ghÐ p.
VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ , a half-share : nöa cæ phÇ n.
- dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one
fifth .
- Dïng trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ® é, tû lÖ .
VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dïng trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc, dïng trong c© u c¶m th¸n.
VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a cã thÓ ® −îc ® Æ t tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):
VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith nghÜ a lµ ‘ ng−êi ® µn «ng ® −îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ng−êi l¹ ® èi
víi ng−êi nãi. Cß n nÕ u kh«ng cã a tø c lµ ng−êi nãi biÕ t «ng Smith.
2- The
- §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ tÝ nh chÊ t, ® Æ c ® iÓ m, vÞ trÝ hoÆ c ® −îc
nh¾ c ® Õ n lÇ n thø 2 trong c© u.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.
- The + danh tõ + ® ¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖ nh ® Ò phô
VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vË t riªng biÖ t.
VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝ nh tõ so s¸nh bË c nhÊ t hoÆ c sè tõ thø tù hoÆ c only way.
VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt sè Ý t t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vË t hoÆ c ® å vË t th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ® æ i danh tõ
sang sè nhiÒ u.
VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nh−ng ® èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµ i ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ® ø ng tr−íc.
VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
- The + danh tõ sè Ý t chØ thµ nh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊ t ® Þ nh.
VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj ® ¹i diÖ n cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u nh−ng ® −îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè
nhiÒ u vµ ® éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ® −îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒ u.
VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµ n tË t; The unemployed = nh÷ng
ng−êi thÊ t nghiÖ p.
- Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ® · næ i tiÕ ng vÒ mÆ t ® Þ a lý hoÆ c lÞ ch sö.
VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
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VÝ dô: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nh−ng kh«ng ® −îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµ y, nÕ u nã ® i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu
vùc ® Þ a lý.
VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tªn c¸c ® å hîp x−íng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ® iÓ n, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.
VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇ u biÓ n/ khinh khÝ cÇ u.
VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒ u cã nghÜ a lµ gia ® × nh hä nhµ ...
VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cß n gäi lµ gia ® × nh nhµ Smith.
- The + Tªn ë sè Ý t + côm tõ/ mÖ nh ® Ò cã thÓ ® −îc sö dông ® Ó ph© n biÖ t ng−êi nµ y víi ng−êi
kh¸c cïng tªn.
VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.
- Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college,
university khi nã ® i víi ® éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓ n ® éng (chØ ® i tíi ® ã lµ m môc ® Ý ch
chÝ nh).
VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ® Ó ngñ)
to church (® Ó cÇ u nguyÖ n)
to court (® Ó kiÖ n tông)
We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖ nh)
to prison (® i tï)
to school / college/ university (® Ó häc)
T−¬ng tù
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆ c be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital
be released from prison.
Víi môc ® Ý ch kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.
VÝ dô:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.
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• Sea
Go to sea (thñy thñ ® i biÓ n)
to be at the sea (hµ nh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ® i trªn biÓ n)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ® i t¾ m biÓ n, nghØ m¸t.
We can live by / near the sea.
• Work and office.
Work (n¬i lµ m viÖ c) ® −îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc.
Go to work.
nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.
Go to the office.
VÝ dô:
He is at / in the office.
NÕ u to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜ a lµ ® ang gi÷ chø c.
To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chø c.
• Town
The cã thÓ bá ® i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊ n cña ng−êi nãi hoÆ c cña chñ thÓ .
VÝ dô:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ® Ý ch chÝ nh lµ ® i mua hµ ng.
B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t.
Dïng the Kh« ng dïng the
• Tr−íc c¸c ® ¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngß i, biÓ n, vÞ nh • Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ý t).
vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒ u. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian
Gulf, the Great Lackes.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói. • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley
• Tr−íc tªn 1 vË t thÓ duy nhÊ t trªn thÕ giíi • Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµ nh tinh hoÆ c c¸c chïm sao
hoÆ c vò trô. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall
• Tr−íc School/college/university + of + noun • Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµ y khi tr−íc nã lµ 1 tªn
VÝ dô: riªng.
The University of Florida. VÝ dô:
The college of Arts and Sciences. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University.
• Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun. • Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ® Õ m.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The first world war. World war one
The third chapter. chapter three.
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• Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕ n tranh khu vùc víi ® iÒ u • Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕ n tranh
kiÖ n tªn c¸c khu vùc ® ã ph¶i ® −îc tÝ nh tõ khu vùc nÕ u tªn khu vùc ® Ó nguyªn.
ho¸.
VÝ dô:
The Korean war.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Sweden, Vene-
Great Britain. zuela vµ c¸c n−íc ® −îc ® ø ng tr−íc bëi new
hoÆ c tÝ nh tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.
The United States, the United Kingdom, the
Central Africal Republic.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ® −îc coi lµ 1 quÇ n ® ¶o. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ® Þ a, tiÓ u bang, tØ nh, thµ nh
VÝ dô: The Philipin. phè, quË n, huyÖ n.
VÝ dô: Europe, California.
• Tr−íc c¸c tµ i liÖ u hoÆ c sù kiÖ n mang tÝ nh • Tr−íc tªn bÊ t cø m«n thÓ thao nµ o.
lÞ ch sö. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Base ball, basket ball.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d© n téc thiÓ u sè. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝ nh trõu t−îng trõ
VÝ dô: nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t.
The Indians, the Aztecs. VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness.
• Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
To play the piano. Mathematics, Sociology.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ . • Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµ y lÔ , tÕ t.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The applied Math. Christmas, thanksgiving.
The theoretical Physics.
1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
Hai tõ nµ y tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆ t ng÷ nghÜ a nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆ t ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc
• another + dt® 2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i kh¸c, 1 • the other + dt ® 2sè Ý t = ng−êi cuèi cïng, c¸i
ng−êi n÷a, 1 ng−êi kh¸c. cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm.
VÝ dô: another pencil • other + dt kh«ng ® 2 = 1 chót n÷a.
• other + dt® 2 sè nhiÒ u = mÊ y c¸i n÷a, mÊ y VÝ dô: other water = some more water.
c¸i kh¸c, mÊ y ng−êi n÷a, mÊ y ng−êi kh¸c. other beer = some more beer.
VÝ dô: other pencils = some more. • the other + dt kh«ng ® 2 = chç cß n sãt l¹i.
• the other + dt® 2 sè nhiÒ u = nh÷ng c¸i cuèi VÝ dô:
cïng, nh÷ng ng−êi cuèi cïng cß n l¹i. The other beer = the remaining beer. (chç bia
VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining pen- cß n l¹i)
cils
- Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ® Þ nh. NÕ u danh tõ hoÆ c chñ ng÷
ë trªn ® · ® −îc hiÓ u hoÆ c ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n, chØ cÇ n dïng another vµ other nh− 1 ® ¹i tõ lµ ® ñ.
VÝ dô:
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I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
- NÕ u danh tõ ® −îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒ u th× other ® −îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch (other + nouns
hoÆ c others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ® −îc sö dông (others + DTSN).
- Cã thÓ dïng ® ¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆ c ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ other.
L−u ý r» ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ® ¹i tõ one nh−ng these vµ those tuyÖ t ® èi kh«ng dïng víi ones.
1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
- Little + dt kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc : rÊ t Ý t, hÇ u nh− kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc: cã 1 chót, ® ñ ® Ó dïng.
VÝ dô:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt ® Õ m ® −îc sè nhiÒ u : cã rÊ t Ý t, kh«ng ® ñ.
VÝ dô:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt ® Õ m ® −îc sè nhiÒ u : cã mét Ý t, ® ñ ® Ó .
VÝ dô:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- NÕ u danh tõ ë trªn ® · ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n th× ë d−íi chØ cÇ n dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh− 1 ® ¹i tõ lµ
® ñ.
VÝ dô:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒ u.
- only a few = only a little = cã rÊ t Ý t ( nhÊ n m¹nh).
1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
The + noun’s + noun.
- ChØ ® −îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆ c ® éng vË t, kh«ng dïng cho bÊ t ® éng vË t.
VÝ dô:
The student’s book.
The cat’s legs.
- NÕ u cã 2 danh tõ cïng ® ø ng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµ o ® ø ng gÇ n danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊ t sÏ
mang dÊ u së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
Tom and Mark’s house.
- §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒ u ® · cã s th× chØ cÇ n ® Æ t dÊ u ‘ lµ ® ñ.
VÝ dô:
The students’ books.
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- Nh−ng ® èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒ u ® Æ c biÖ t kh«ng cã s t¹i ® u«i vÉ n ph¶i dïng nguyªn dÊ u
së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The children’s toys.
- Nã ® −îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.)
VÝ dô:
The 1980’ events.
The 21 st century’s prospect.
- Nã ® −îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu© n vµ mïa Thu. NÕ u dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho mïa
Xu© n vµ mïa Thu tø c lµ ta ® ang nh© n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ® ã.
VÝ dô:
The summer’s hot days.
The winter’s cold days.
The spring’s coming back = Nµ ng Xu© n ® ang trë vÒ .
The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ® i cña Nµ ng Thu.
Tr−êng hîp nµ y hiÖ n nay Ý t dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊ t ® éng vË t chØ dïng trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp
thË t ® Æ c biÖ t khi danh tõ ® ã n» m trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷.
VÝ dô:
A stone’s throw.
- §«i khi ® èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆ c ® Þ a ® iÓ m chØ cÇ n dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho danh
tõ ® ã mµ kh«ng cÇ n danh tõ theo sau.
VÝ dô:
At the hairdresser’s
At the butcher’s
1.6 Some, any
some vµ any nghÜ a lµ “1 sè hoÆ c 1 l−îng nhÊ t ® Þ nh”. Chóng ® −îc sö dông víi (hoÆ c thay thÕ ) c¸c
danh tõ sè nhiÒ u hoÆ c danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
+ Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒ u cña a/an vµ one:
VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ® ¹i tõ riªng/ ® ¹i tõ së h÷ u.
VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
+ some ® −îc sö dông víi :
- C¸c ® éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh.
VÝ dô:
They bought some honey.
- Trong c¸c c© u hái mµ cã c© u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’.
VÝ dô:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng−êi nãi chê ® îi c© u tr¶ lêi lµ yes)
- Trong c¸c c© u ® Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇ u:
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VÝ dô:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any ® −îc sö dông:
- Víi ® éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ® Þ nh
VÝ dô:
I haven’t any matches.
- Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµ y ® Ò u mang nghÜ a phñ ® Þ nh)
VÝ dô:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Víi without khi without any ... = with no ...
VÝ dô:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Víi c¸c c© u hái
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether c¸c thµ nh ng÷ mang tÝ nh nghi ngê.
VÝ dô:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. §éng tõ ( verb)
§éng tõ trong tiÕ ng Anh chia lµ m 3 thêi chÝ nh:
- Qu¸ khø .
- HiÖ n t¹i.
- T−¬ng lai.
Mçi thêi chÝ nh l¹i chia ra lµ m nhiÒ u thêi nhá ® Ó x¸c ® Þ nh chÝ nh x¸c thêi gian cña hµ nh ® éng.
2.1 HiÖ n t¹i (present)
2.1.1 HiÖ nt¹i ® ¬n gi¶n (simple present)
Khi chia ® éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ý t, ph¶i cã s ë ® u«i vµ vÇ n ® ã ph¶i ® −îc ® äc lªn.
VÝ dô:
John walks to school everyday.
- Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng x¶y ra ë thêi ® iÓ m hiÖ n t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ mÆ t
thêi gian vµ hµ nh ® éng lÆ p ® i lÆ p l¹i cã tÝ nh quy luË t.
- Nã th−êng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh−: now, present day, nowadays. §Æ c biÖ t lµ 1 sè phã tõ chØ tÇ n
suÊ t ho¹t ® éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.
VÝ dô:
They understand the problem now.
Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)
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We want to leave now.
Your cough sounds bad.
2.1.2 HiÖ n t¹i tiÕ p diÔ n (present progressive)
am
Subject + is + [verb +ing ]...
are
- Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi gian ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ
b» ng c¸c phã tõ nh− now, right now, presently.
- Nã dïng ® Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇ n.
VÝ dô:
He is learning in the US.
L−u ý : §Ó ph© n biÖ t t−¬ng lai gÇ n vµ hµ nh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra cÇ n c¨n cø vµ o phã tõ trong c© u)
VÝ dô:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖ n t¹i ® ang kiÓ m tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t−¬ng lai gÇ n - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµ o ngµ y mai)
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh)
Have + P2
- Dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng ® · x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐ o dµ i vµ chÊ m dø t ë hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi
gian trong c© u hoµ n toµ n kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh.
- ChØ 1 hµ nh ® éng x¶y ra nhiÒ u lÇ n trong qu¸ khø kÐ o dµ i tíi hiÖ n t¹i.
- Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian.
- Dïng víi already trong c© u kh¼ ng ® Þ nh, already cã thÓ ® ø ng sau have nh−ng nã còng cã thÓ
® ø ng cuèi c© u.
have
Subject + + already + P2
has
VÝ dô:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dïng víi yet trong c© u phñ ® Þ nh vµ c© u nghi vÊ n phñ ® Þ nh, yet th−êng xuyªn ® ø ng ë cuèi c© u,
c«ng thø c sau:
have
Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet ...
has
VÝ dô:
John hasn’t written his report yet.
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The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
We haven’t called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp yet cã thÓ ® ¶o lªn ® ø ng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ® æ i. Not mÊ t ® i
vµ ph© n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
have
Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] ...
has
VÝ dô:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet.
We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do with the money
yet.
Chó ý: CÈ n thË n sö dông yet trong mÉ u c© u kÎo nhÇ m víi yet trong mÉ u c© u cã yet lµ m tõ nèi
mang nghÜ a “nh−ng”
VÝ dô:
I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
2.1.4 HiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n ( preset perfect progressive)
Have been + verbing.
- Dïng gièng hÖ t nh− present perfect nh−ng hµ nh ® éng kh«ng chÊ m dø t ë hiÖ n t¹i mµ vÉ n ® ang
tiÕ p tôc x¶y ra. Nã th−êng xuyªn ® −îc dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for, since + time.
VÝ dô:
John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years.
Mét sè thÝ dô
Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh)
He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇ n)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh)
They have been at home all day.
We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
HoÆ c
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vÉ n ch−a kÕ t thóc - John vÉ n ® ang lµ m viÖ c ë Washington).
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Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a 2 thêi
Present perfect Present perfect progressive
• Hµ nh ® éng chÊ m dø t ë hiÖ n t¹i, do ® ã cã • Hµ nh ® éng vÉ n tiÕ p tôc tiÕ p diÔ n á hiÖ n
kÕ t qu¶ râ rÖ t. t¹i do vË y kh«ng cã kÕ t qu¶ râ rÖ t.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
I have waited for you for half an hour (now I I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
stop waiting) (and continue waiting hoping that you will
come)
2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ® ¬n gi¶n (simple past)
Verb + ed
- Mét sè ® éng tõ trong tiÕ ng Anh cã qu¸ khø ® Æ c biÖ t vµ ® ång thêi còng cã ph© n tõ 2 ® Æ c
biÖ t.
- Mét sè c¸c ® éng tõ cã c¶ 2 d¹ng:
VÝ dô:
Light - lighted - lighted
lit - lit
Ng−êi Anh −a dïng qu¸ khø th−êng khi chia ® éng tõ vµ ph© n tõ 2 ® Æ c biÖ t.
VÝ dô:
He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.
Nã th¾ p ngän nÕ n trªn chiÕ c b¸nh sinh nhË t
Nh−ng
I can see the lit house from a distance.
T«i cã thÓ nh× n thÊ y tõ xa ng«i nhµ s¸ng ¸nh ® iÖ n.
• Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng ® · x¶y ra dø t ® iÓ m trong qu¸ khø , kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi
hiÖ n t¹i.
• Thêi gian hµ nh ® éng trong c© u lµ rÊ t râ rµ ng, nã th−êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian
nh−: yesterday, at that moment, last + thêi gian nh−:
Last night
month
week vv...
L−u ý: NÕ u thêi gian trong c© u lµ kh«ng râ rµ ng th× ph¶i dïng present perfect.
VÝ dô:
John went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
☞1. Chñ ng÷ (subject). 7
❂ 1.1 Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc vµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
❂ 1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
❂ 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
❂ 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
❂ 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
❂ 1.6 Some, any
☞2. §éng tõ ( verb)
❂ 2.1 HiÖ n t¹i (present)
➢2.1.1 HiÖ nt¹i ® ¬n gi¶n (simple present)
➢2.1.2 HiÖ n t¹i tiÕ p diÔ n (present progressive)
➢2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh)
➢2.1.4 HiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n ( preset perfect progressive)
❂ 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
➢2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ® ¬n gi¶n (simple past)
➢2.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕ p diÔ n (Past progresive).
➢2.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµ n thµ nh (past perfect).
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➢2.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n (past perfect progressive).
❂ 2.3 T−¬ng lai
➢2.3.1 T−¬ng lai ® ¬n gi¶n (simple future)
➢2.3.2 T−¬ng lai tiÕ p diÔ n ( future progressive)
➢2.3.3 T−¬ng lai hoµ n thµ nh (future perfect)
☞3. Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ® éng tõ.
❂ 3.1 Chñ ng÷ ® ø ng t¸ch khái ® éng tõ.
❂ 3.2 C¸c danh tõ lu«n ® ß i hái ® éng tõ vµ ® ¹i tõ sè it.
❂ 3.3 C¸ch sö dông none, no
❂ 3.4 C¸ch sö dông cÊ u tróc either ... or vµ neither ... nor.
❂ 3.5 C¸c danh tõ tË p thÓ
❂ 3.6 C¸ch sö dông A number of/ the number of
❂ 3.7 C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒ u.
❂ 3.8 C¸ch dïng c¸c thµ nh ng÷ There is, there are
☞4. §¹i tõ
❂ 4.1 §¹i tõ nh© n x−ng chñ ng÷ (Subject pronoun)
❂ 4.2 §¹i tõ nh© n x−ng t© n ng÷
❂ 4.3 TÝ nh tõ së h÷u
❂ 4.4 §¹i tõ së h÷u
❂ 4.5 §¹i tõ ph¶n th© n (reflexive pronoun)
☞5. §éng tõ dïng lµ m t© n ng÷
❂ 5.1 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ m t© n ng÷
❂ 5.2 Ving dïng lµ m t© n ng÷
❂ 5.3 3 ® éng tõ ® Æ c biÖ t
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❂ 5.4 C¸c ® éng tõ ® ø ng ® » ng sau giíi tõ
❂ 5.5 VÊ n ® Ò ® ¹i tõ ® i tr−íc ® éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆ c Ving lµ m t© n ng÷.
☞6. C¸ch sö dông ® éng tõ b¸n khiÕ m khuyÕ t need vµ dare
❂ 6.1 need
❂ 6.2 Dare
☞7. C¸ch dïng ® éng tõ to be + infinitive
☞8. C© u hái
❂ 8.1 C© u hái yes vµ no
❂ 8.2 C© u hái th«ng b¸o
➢8.2.1 who vµ what lµ m chñ ng÷.
➢8.2.2 Whom vµ what lµ t© n ng÷ cña c© u hái
➢8.2.3 C© u hái dµ nh cho c¸c bæ ng÷ (when, where, why, how)
❂ 8.3 C© u hái gi¸n tiÕ p (embedded questions)
❂ 8.4 C© u hái cã ® u«i
☞9. Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh vµ phñ ® Þ nh.
❂ 9.1 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh.
❂ 9.2 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ® Þ nh
☞10. C© u phñ ® Þ nh
☞11. MÖ nh lÖ nh thø c
❂ 11.1 MÖ nh lÖ nh thø c trùc tiÕ p.
❂ 11.2 MÖ nh lÖ nh thø c gi¸n tiÕ p.
☞12. §éng tõ khiÕ m khuyÕ t.
❂ 12.1 DiÔ n ® ¹t thêi t−¬ng lai.
❂ 12.2 DiÔ n ® ¹t c© u ® iÒ u kiÖ n.
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➢12.2.1 §iÒ u kiÖ n cã thÓ thùc hiÖ n ® −îc ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i.
➢12.2.2 §iÒ u kiÖ n kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖ n ® −îc ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i.
➢12.2.3 §iÒ u kiÖ n kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖ n ® −îc ë thêi qu¸ khø .
➢12.2.4 C¸c c¸ch dïng ® Æ c biÖ t cña Will, would vµ sould trong c¸c mÖ nh
® Ò if
☞13. C¸ch sö dông thµ nh ng÷ as if, as though.
❂ 13.1 Thêi hiÖ n t¹i.
❂ 13.2 Thêi qu¸ khø .
☞14. C¸ch sö dông ® éng tõ To hope vµ to wish.
❂ 14.1 Thêi t−¬ng lai.
❂ 14.2 Thêi hiÖ n t¹i
❂ 14.3 Thêi qu¸ khø .
☞15. C¸ch sö dông thµ nh ng÷ used to vµ get/be used to
❂ 15.1 used to.
❂ 15.2 get / be used to.
☞16. C¸ch sö dông thµ nh ng÷ Would rather
❂ 16.1 Lo¹i c© u cã mét chñ ng÷.
❂ 16.2 Lo¹i c© u cã 2 chñ ng÷
☞17. C¸ch sö dông Would Like
☞18. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ® éng tõ khiÕ m khuyÕ t ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë
hiÖ n t¹i.
❂ 18.1 Could/may/might.
❂ 18.2 Should
❂ 18.3 Must
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☞19. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ® éng tõ khiÕ m khuyÕ t ® Ó diÕ n ® ¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë
thêi qu¸ khø .
☞20. tÝ nh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb).
☞21. §éng tõ nèi.
☞22. So s¸nh cña tÝ nh tõ vµ danh tõ
❂ 22.1 So s¸nh b» ng.
❂ 22.2 So s¸nh h¬n, kÐ m
❂ 22.3 So s¸nh hîp lý
❂ 22.4 C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh ® Æ c biÖ t
❂ 22.5 So s¸nh ® a bé
❂ 22.6 So s¸nh kÐ p (cµ ng ....th× cµ ng)
❂ 22.7 No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th× ; ch¼ ng bao l© u ... th× )
☞23. D¹ng nguyªn, so s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊ t.
☞24. C¸c danh tõ lµ m chø c n¨ng tÝ nh tõ
☞25. Enough víi tÝ nh tõ, phã tõ vµ danh tõ
☞26. C¸c tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh© n
❂ 26.1 Because/ because of
❂ 26.2 Môc ® Ý ch vµ kÕ t qu¶ (so that- ® Ó )
❂ 26.3 Cause and effect
☞27. Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝ nh ® iÒ u kiÖ n
☞28. C© u bÞ ® éng
☞29. §éng tõ g© y nguyªn nh© n
❂ 29.1 Have/ get / make
❂ 29.2 Let
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❂ 29.3 Help
☞30. Ba ® éng tõ ® Æ c biÖ t
☞31. CÊ u tróc phø c hîp vµ ® ¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ
❂ 31.1 That vµ Which lµ m chñ ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.2 That vµ wich lµ m t© n ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.3 Who lµ m chñ ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.4 Whom lµ m t© n ng÷ cña c© u phô
❂ 31.5 MÖ nh ® Ò phô b¾ t buéc vµ mÖ nh ® Ò phô kh«ng b¾ t buéc
❂ 31.6 TÇ m quan träng cña dÊ u phÈ y trong mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 31.7 C¸ch sö dông All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which
❂ 31.8 What vµ whose
☞32. C¸ch lo¹i bá c¸c mÖ nh ® Ò phô
☞33. C¸ch sö dông ph© n tõ 1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t
☞34. C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉ u hoµ n thµ nh
☞35. Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that
❂ 35.1 That víi t− c¸ch cña mét liªn tõ (r» ng)
❂ 35.2 MÖ nh ® Ò cã that
☞36. C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh
❂ 36.1 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng would rather that
❂ 36.2 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng víi ® éng tõ trong b¶ng.
❂ 36.3 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng víi tÝ nh tõ
❂ 36.4 Dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c
❂ 36.5 C© u gi¶ ® Þ nh dïng víi it is time
☞37. Lèi nãi bao hµ m
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❂ 37.1 Not only ... but also (kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cß n)
❂ 37.2 As well as (còng nh−, còng nh− lµ )
❂ 37.3 Both ... and ( c¶ ... lÉ n )
☞38. C¸ch sö dông to know vµ to know how
☞39. MÖ nh ® Ò nh−îng bé
❂ 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mÆ c dï)
❂ 39.2 although, even though, though
☞40. Nh÷ng ® éng tõ dÔ g© y nhÇ m lÉ n
☞41. Mét sè ® éng tõ ® Æ c biÖ t kh¸c.
Ph Ç n I I
TiÕng Anh viÕt
I. C¸c lçi th−êng gÆ p trong tiÕ ng anh viÕ t
☞42. Sù hoµ hîp cña thêi ® éng tõ
☞43. C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell
☞44. Tõ ® i tr−íc ® Ó giíi thiÖ u
☞45. §¹i tõ nh© n x−ng one vµ you
☞46. C¸ch sö dông ph© n tõ më ® Ç u cho mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 46.1 V+ing më ® Ç u mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 46.2 Ph© n tõ 2 më ® Ç u mÖ nh ® Ò phô ® Ó chØ bÞ ® éng
❂ 46.3 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ® Ý ch më ® Ç u cho mÖ nh ® Ò phô
❂ 46.4 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆ c ng÷ giíi tõ më ® Ç u mÖ nh ® Ò phô chØ sù
t−¬ng ø ng
☞47. Ph© n tõ dïng lµ m tÝ nh tõ
❂ 47.1 Dïng ph© n tõ 1 lµ m tÝ nh tõ
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❂ 47.2 Dïng ph© n tõ 2 lµ m tÝ nh tõ
☞48. Thõa (redundancy)
☞49. CÊ u tróc c© u song song
☞50. Th«ng tin trùc tiÕ p vµ th«ng tin gi¸n tiÕ p
❂ 50.1 C© u trùc tiÕ p vµ c© u gi¸n tiÕ p
❂ 50.2 Ph−¬ng ph¸p chuyÓ n ® æ i tõ c© u trùc tiÕ p sang c© u gi¸n tiÕ p
❂ 50.3 §éng tõ víi t© n ng÷ trùc tiÕ p vµ t© n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕ p
☞51. Phã tõ ® ¶o lªn ® Ç u c© u
☞52. C¸ch chän nh÷ng c© u tr¶ lêi ® óng
☞53. Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g© y nhÇ m lÉ n
☞54. C¸ch sö dông giíi tõ
❂ 54.1 During - trong suèt (hµ nh ® éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi gian)
❂ 54.2 From (tõ) >< to (® Õ n)
❂ 54.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµ o)
❂ 54.4 by
❂ 54.5 In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜ a x¸c ® Þ nh h¬n at
❂ 54.6 on
❂ 54.7 at - ë t¹i (th−êng lµ bªn ngoµ i, kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh b» ng in)
☞55. Ng÷ ® éng tõ
☞56. Sù kÕ t hîp cña c¸c danh tõ, ® éng tõ vµ tÝ nh tõ víi c¸c giíi tõ
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
CÊu tróc c©u tiÕng Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Chñ ng÷ §éng tõ vÞ ng÷ t© n ng÷ bæ ng÷
1. Chñ ng÷ (subject)
• §ø ng ® Ç u c© u lµ m chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕ t ® Þ nh viÖ c chia ® éng tõ.
• Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 ® éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒ u nhÊ t vÉ n lµ 1
danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊ n ® Ò sau:
1.1 Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc vµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
- Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc cã thÓ ® −îc dïng víi sè ® Õ m do ® ã cã h× nh th¸i sè Ý t, sè nhiÒ u. Nã cã thÓ
dïng ® −îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the.
- Danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc kh«ng dïng ® −îc víi sè ® Õ m do ® ã nã kh«ng cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u. Do
® ã, nã kh«ng dïng ® −îc víi a (an).
- Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u ® Æ c biÖ t vÝ dô:
person - people woman – women
mouse - mice foot – feet
tooth - teeth man - men.
-Sau ® © y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc mµ ta cÇ n biÕ t.
Sand soap physics mathematics
News mumps Air politics
measles information Meat homework
food economics advertising* money
* MÆ c dïadvertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc, nh−ng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc.
VÝ dô:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water, ® «i lóc ® −îc dïng nh− c¸c
danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc ® Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ® ã.
VÝ dô:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(chØ ra mét lo¹i thø c ¨n ® Æ c biÖ t nµ o ® ã)
He studies meats
( ch¼ ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
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B¶ng sau lµ c¸c ® Þ nh ng÷ dïng ® −îc víi danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc vµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
Danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc (with count noun) Danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc (with non-count noun)
a (an), the, some, any the, some, any
this, that, these, those, this, that
none,one,two,three,... non
many much (th−êng dïng trong c© u phñ ® Þ nh hoÆ c c© u hái
a lot of a lot of
plenty of
a large number of a large amount of
a great number of, a great many of. a great deal of
(a) few (a) little
few ... than less ... than
more ... than more ... than
- Danh tõ time nÕ u dïng víi nghÜ a thêi gian lµ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc nh−ng nÕ u dïng víi nghÜ a sè lÇ n
hoÆ c thêi ® ¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc.
VÝ dô:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vµ an
an - ® −îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng 4 nguyªn © m (vowel) a, e, i, o
- hai b¸n nguyªn © m u, y
- c¸c danh tõ b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng h c© m.
vÝ dô: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- hoÆ c tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕ t t¾ t ® −îc ® äc nh− 1 nguyªn © m.
VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : ® −îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng phô © m (consonant).
- dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾ t ® Ç u b» ng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ mÆ t ® Æ c
® iÓ m, tÝ nh chÊ t, vÞ trÝ hoÆ c ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n lÇ n ® Ç u trong c© u.
- ® −îc dïng trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊ t ® Þ nh.
VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.
- dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ® Õ m nhÊ t ® Þ nh, ® Æ c biÖ t lµ chØ hµ ng tr¨m, hµ ng ngµ n.
VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand.
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- tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ® ¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑ n.
VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ® äc lµ one and a half kilos.
Chó ý : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half).
- dïng tr−íc half khi nã ® i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµ nh tõ ghÐ p.
VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ , a half-share : nöa cæ phÇ n.
- dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one
fifth .
- Dïng trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ® é, tû lÖ .
VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dïng trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc, dïng trong c© u c¶m th¸n.
VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a cã thÓ ® −îc ® Æ t tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):
VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith nghÜ a lµ ‘ ng−êi ® µn «ng ® −îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ng−êi l¹ ® èi
víi ng−êi nãi. Cß n nÕ u kh«ng cã a tø c lµ ng−êi nãi biÕ t «ng Smith.
2- The
- §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ tÝ nh chÊ t, ® Æ c ® iÓ m, vÞ trÝ hoÆ c ® −îc
nh¾ c ® Õ n lÇ n thø 2 trong c© u.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.
- The + danh tõ + ® ¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖ nh ® Ò phô
VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vË t riªng biÖ t.
VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝ nh tõ so s¸nh bË c nhÊ t hoÆ c sè tõ thø tù hoÆ c only way.
VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt sè Ý t t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vË t hoÆ c ® å vË t th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ® æ i danh tõ
sang sè nhiÒ u.
VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nh−ng ® èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµ i ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ® ø ng tr−íc.
VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
- The + danh tõ sè Ý t chØ thµ nh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊ t ® Þ nh.
VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj ® ¹i diÖ n cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u nh−ng ® −îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè
nhiÒ u vµ ® éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ® −îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒ u.
VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµ n tË t; The unemployed = nh÷ng
ng−êi thÊ t nghiÖ p.
- Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ® · næ i tiÕ ng vÒ mÆ t ® Þ a lý hoÆ c lÞ ch sö.
VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
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VÝ dô: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nh−ng kh«ng ® −îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµ y, nÕ u nã ® i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu
vùc ® Þ a lý.
VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tªn c¸c ® å hîp x−íng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ® iÓ n, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.
VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇ u biÓ n/ khinh khÝ cÇ u.
VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒ u cã nghÜ a lµ gia ® × nh hä nhµ ...
VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cß n gäi lµ gia ® × nh nhµ Smith.
- The + Tªn ë sè Ý t + côm tõ/ mÖ nh ® Ò cã thÓ ® −îc sö dông ® Ó ph© n biÖ t ng−êi nµ y víi ng−êi
kh¸c cïng tªn.
VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.
- Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college,
university khi nã ® i víi ® éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓ n ® éng (chØ ® i tíi ® ã lµ m môc ® Ý ch
chÝ nh).
VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ® Ó ngñ)
to church (® Ó cÇ u nguyÖ n)
to court (® Ó kiÖ n tông)
We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖ nh)
to prison (® i tï)
to school / college/ university (® Ó häc)
T−¬ng tù
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆ c be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital
be released from prison.
Víi môc ® Ý ch kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.
VÝ dô:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.
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• Sea
Go to sea (thñy thñ ® i biÓ n)
to be at the sea (hµ nh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ® i trªn biÓ n)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ® i t¾ m biÓ n, nghØ m¸t.
We can live by / near the sea.
• Work and office.
Work (n¬i lµ m viÖ c) ® −îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc.
Go to work.
nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.
Go to the office.
VÝ dô:
He is at / in the office.
NÕ u to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜ a lµ ® ang gi÷ chø c.
To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chø c.
• Town
The cã thÓ bá ® i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊ n cña ng−êi nãi hoÆ c cña chñ thÓ .
VÝ dô:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ® Ý ch chÝ nh lµ ® i mua hµ ng.
B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t.
Dïng the Kh« ng dïng the
• Tr−íc c¸c ® ¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngß i, biÓ n, vÞ nh • Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ý t).
vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒ u. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian
Gulf, the Great Lackes.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói. • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley
• Tr−íc tªn 1 vË t thÓ duy nhÊ t trªn thÕ giíi • Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµ nh tinh hoÆ c c¸c chïm sao
hoÆ c vò trô. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall
• Tr−íc School/college/university + of + noun • Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµ y khi tr−íc nã lµ 1 tªn
VÝ dô: riªng.
The University of Florida. VÝ dô:
The college of Arts and Sciences. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University.
• Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun. • Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ® Õ m.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The first world war. World war one
The third chapter. chapter three.
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• Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕ n tranh khu vùc víi ® iÒ u • Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕ n tranh
kiÖ n tªn c¸c khu vùc ® ã ph¶i ® −îc tÝ nh tõ khu vùc nÕ u tªn khu vùc ® Ó nguyªn.
ho¸.
VÝ dô:
The Korean war.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Sweden, Vene-
Great Britain. zuela vµ c¸c n−íc ® −îc ® ø ng tr−íc bëi new
hoÆ c tÝ nh tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.
The United States, the United Kingdom, the
Central Africal Republic.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ® −îc coi lµ 1 quÇ n ® ¶o. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ® Þ a, tiÓ u bang, tØ nh, thµ nh
VÝ dô: The Philipin. phè, quË n, huyÖ n.
VÝ dô: Europe, California.
• Tr−íc c¸c tµ i liÖ u hoÆ c sù kiÖ n mang tÝ nh • Tr−íc tªn bÊ t cø m«n thÓ thao nµ o.
lÞ ch sö. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Base ball, basket ball.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d© n téc thiÓ u sè. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝ nh trõu t−îng trõ
VÝ dô: nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t.
The Indians, the Aztecs. VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness.
• Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
To play the piano. Mathematics, Sociology.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ . • Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµ y lÔ , tÕ t.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The applied Math. Christmas, thanksgiving.
The theoretical Physics.
1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
Hai tõ nµ y tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆ t ng÷ nghÜ a nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆ t ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc
• another + dt® 2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i kh¸c, 1 • the other + dt ® 2sè Ý t = ng−êi cuèi cïng, c¸i
ng−êi n÷a, 1 ng−êi kh¸c. cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm.
VÝ dô: another pencil • other + dt kh«ng ® 2 = 1 chót n÷a.
• other + dt® 2 sè nhiÒ u = mÊ y c¸i n÷a, mÊ y VÝ dô: other water = some more water.
c¸i kh¸c, mÊ y ng−êi n÷a, mÊ y ng−êi kh¸c. other beer = some more beer.
VÝ dô: other pencils = some more. • the other + dt kh«ng ® 2 = chç cß n sãt l¹i.
• the other + dt® 2 sè nhiÒ u = nh÷ng c¸i cuèi VÝ dô:
cïng, nh÷ng ng−êi cuèi cïng cß n l¹i. The other beer = the remaining beer. (chç bia
VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining pen- cß n l¹i)
cils
- Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ® Þ nh. NÕ u danh tõ hoÆ c chñ ng÷
ë trªn ® · ® −îc hiÓ u hoÆ c ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n, chØ cÇ n dïng another vµ other nh− 1 ® ¹i tõ lµ ® ñ.
VÝ dô:
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I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
- NÕ u danh tõ ® −îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒ u th× other ® −îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch (other + nouns
hoÆ c others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ® −îc sö dông (others + DTSN).
- Cã thÓ dïng ® ¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆ c ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ other.
L−u ý r» ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ® ¹i tõ one nh−ng these vµ those tuyÖ t ® èi kh«ng dïng víi ones.
1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
- Little + dt kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc : rÊ t Ý t, hÇ u nh− kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc: cã 1 chót, ® ñ ® Ó dïng.
VÝ dô:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt ® Õ m ® −îc sè nhiÒ u : cã rÊ t Ý t, kh«ng ® ñ.
VÝ dô:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt ® Õ m ® −îc sè nhiÒ u : cã mét Ý t, ® ñ ® Ó .
VÝ dô:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- NÕ u danh tõ ë trªn ® · ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n th× ë d−íi chØ cÇ n dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh− 1 ® ¹i tõ lµ
® ñ.
VÝ dô:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒ u.
- only a few = only a little = cã rÊ t Ý t ( nhÊ n m¹nh).
1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
The + noun’s + noun.
- ChØ ® −îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆ c ® éng vË t, kh«ng dïng cho bÊ t ® éng vË t.
VÝ dô:
The student’s book.
The cat’s legs.
- NÕ u cã 2 danh tõ cïng ® ø ng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµ o ® ø ng gÇ n danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊ t sÏ
mang dÊ u së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
Tom and Mark’s house.
- §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒ u ® · cã s th× chØ cÇ n ® Æ t dÊ u ‘ lµ ® ñ.
VÝ dô:
The students’ books.
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- Nh−ng ® èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒ u ® Æ c biÖ t kh«ng cã s t¹i ® u«i vÉ n ph¶i dïng nguyªn dÊ u
së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The children’s toys.
- Nã ® −îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.)
VÝ dô:
The 1980’ events.
The 21 st century’s prospect.
- Nã ® −îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu© n vµ mïa Thu. NÕ u dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho mïa
Xu© n vµ mïa Thu tø c lµ ta ® ang nh© n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ® ã.
VÝ dô:
The summer’s hot days.
The winter’s cold days.
The spring’s coming back = Nµ ng Xu© n ® ang trë vÒ .
The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ® i cña Nµ ng Thu.
Tr−êng hîp nµ y hiÖ n nay Ý t dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊ t ® éng vË t chØ dïng trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp
thË t ® Æ c biÖ t khi danh tõ ® ã n» m trong c¸c thµ nh ng÷.
VÝ dô:
A stone’s throw.
- §«i khi ® èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆ c ® Þ a ® iÓ m chØ cÇ n dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho danh
tõ ® ã mµ kh«ng cÇ n danh tõ theo sau.
VÝ dô:
At the hairdresser’s
At the butcher’s
1.6 Some, any
some vµ any nghÜ a lµ “1 sè hoÆ c 1 l−îng nhÊ t ® Þ nh”. Chóng ® −îc sö dông víi (hoÆ c thay thÕ ) c¸c
danh tõ sè nhiÒ u hoÆ c danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc.
+ Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒ u cña a/an vµ one:
VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ® ¹i tõ riªng/ ® ¹i tõ së h÷ u.
VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
+ some ® −îc sö dông víi :
- C¸c ® éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh.
VÝ dô:
They bought some honey.
- Trong c¸c c© u hái mµ cã c© u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’.
VÝ dô:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng−êi nãi chê ® îi c© u tr¶ lêi lµ yes)
- Trong c¸c c© u ® Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇ u:
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VÝ dô:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any ® −îc sö dông:
- Víi ® éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ® Þ nh
VÝ dô:
I haven’t any matches.
- Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµ y ® Ò u mang nghÜ a phñ ® Þ nh)
VÝ dô:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Víi without khi without any ... = with no ...
VÝ dô:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Víi c¸c c© u hái
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether c¸c thµ nh ng÷ mang tÝ nh nghi ngê.
VÝ dô:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. §éng tõ ( verb)
§éng tõ trong tiÕ ng Anh chia lµ m 3 thêi chÝ nh:
- Qu¸ khø .
- HiÖ n t¹i.
- T−¬ng lai.
Mçi thêi chÝ nh l¹i chia ra lµ m nhiÒ u thêi nhá ® Ó x¸c ® Þ nh chÝ nh x¸c thêi gian cña hµ nh ® éng.
2.1 HiÖ n t¹i (present)
2.1.1 HiÖ nt¹i ® ¬n gi¶n (simple present)
Khi chia ® éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ý t, ph¶i cã s ë ® u«i vµ vÇ n ® ã ph¶i ® −îc ® äc lªn.
VÝ dô:
John walks to school everyday.
- Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng x¶y ra ë thêi ® iÓ m hiÖ n t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ mÆ t
thêi gian vµ hµ nh ® éng lÆ p ® i lÆ p l¹i cã tÝ nh quy luË t.
- Nã th−êng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh−: now, present day, nowadays. §Æ c biÖ t lµ 1 sè phã tõ chØ tÇ n
suÊ t ho¹t ® éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.
VÝ dô:
They understand the problem now.
Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)
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We want to leave now.
Your cough sounds bad.
2.1.2 HiÖ n t¹i tiÕ p diÔ n (present progressive)
am
Subject + is + [verb +ing ]...
are
- Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi gian ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ
b» ng c¸c phã tõ nh− now, right now, presently.
- Nã dïng ® Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇ n.
VÝ dô:
He is learning in the US.
L−u ý : §Ó ph© n biÖ t t−¬ng lai gÇ n vµ hµ nh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra cÇ n c¨n cø vµ o phã tõ trong c© u)
VÝ dô:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖ n t¹i ® ang kiÓ m tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t−¬ng lai gÇ n - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµ o ngµ y mai)
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh)
Have + P2
- Dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng ® · x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐ o dµ i vµ chÊ m dø t ë hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi
gian trong c© u hoµ n toµ n kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh.
- ChØ 1 hµ nh ® éng x¶y ra nhiÒ u lÇ n trong qu¸ khø kÐ o dµ i tíi hiÖ n t¹i.
- Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian.
- Dïng víi already trong c© u kh¼ ng ® Þ nh, already cã thÓ ® ø ng sau have nh−ng nã còng cã thÓ
® ø ng cuèi c© u.
have
Subject + + already + P2
has
VÝ dô:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dïng víi yet trong c© u phñ ® Þ nh vµ c© u nghi vÊ n phñ ® Þ nh, yet th−êng xuyªn ® ø ng ë cuèi c© u,
c«ng thø c sau:
have
Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet ...
has
VÝ dô:
John hasn’t written his report yet.
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The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
We haven’t called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp yet cã thÓ ® ¶o lªn ® ø ng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ® æ i. Not mÊ t ® i
vµ ph© n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
have
Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] ...
has
VÝ dô:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet.
We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do with the money
yet.
Chó ý: CÈ n thË n sö dông yet trong mÉ u c© u kÎo nhÇ m víi yet trong mÉ u c© u cã yet lµ m tõ nèi
mang nghÜ a “nh−ng”
VÝ dô:
I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
2.1.4 HiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n ( preset perfect progressive)
Have been + verbing.
- Dïng gièng hÖ t nh− present perfect nh−ng hµ nh ® éng kh«ng chÊ m dø t ë hiÖ n t¹i mµ vÉ n ® ang
tiÕ p tôc x¶y ra. Nã th−êng xuyªn ® −îc dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for, since + time.
VÝ dô:
John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years.
Mét sè thÝ dô
Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh)
He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇ n)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh)
They have been at home all day.
We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
HoÆ c
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vÉ n ch−a kÕ t thóc - John vÉ n ® ang lµ m viÖ c ë Washington).
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Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a 2 thêi
Present perfect Present perfect progressive
• Hµ nh ® éng chÊ m dø t ë hiÖ n t¹i, do ® ã cã • Hµ nh ® éng vÉ n tiÕ p tôc tiÕ p diÔ n á hiÖ n
kÕ t qu¶ râ rÖ t. t¹i do vË y kh«ng cã kÕ t qu¶ râ rÖ t.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
I have waited for you for half an hour (now I I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
stop waiting) (and continue waiting hoping that you will
come)
2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ® ¬n gi¶n (simple past)
Verb + ed
- Mét sè ® éng tõ trong tiÕ ng Anh cã qu¸ khø ® Æ c biÖ t vµ ® ång thêi còng cã ph© n tõ 2 ® Æ c
biÖ t.
- Mét sè c¸c ® éng tõ cã c¶ 2 d¹ng:
VÝ dô:
Light - lighted - lighted
lit - lit
Ng−êi Anh −a dïng qu¸ khø th−êng khi chia ® éng tõ vµ ph© n tõ 2 ® Æ c biÖ t.
VÝ dô:
He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.
Nã th¾ p ngän nÕ n trªn chiÕ c b¸nh sinh nhË t
Nh−ng
I can see the lit house from a distance.
T«i cã thÓ nh× n thÊ y tõ xa ng«i nhµ s¸ng ¸nh ® iÖ n.
• Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµ nh ® éng ® · x¶y ra dø t ® iÓ m trong qu¸ khø , kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi
hiÖ n t¹i.
• Thêi gian hµ nh ® éng trong c© u lµ rÊ t râ rµ ng, nã th−êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian
nh−: yesterday, at that moment, last + thêi gian nh−:
Last night
month
week vv...
L−u ý: NÕ u thêi gian trong c© u lµ kh«ng râ rµ ng th× ph¶i dïng present perfect.
VÝ dô:
John went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.