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1. Chñ ng÷ (subject). 7
= 1.1 Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
= 1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
= 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
= 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
= 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
= 1.6 Some, any
2. §éng tõ ( verb)
= 2.1 HiÖn t¹i (present)
2.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present)
2.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive)
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)
2.1.4 HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn ( preset perfect progressive)
= 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (simple past)
2.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn (Past progresive).
2.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (past perfect).
2 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
2.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn (past perfect progressive).
= 2.3 T−¬ng lai
2.3.1 T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (simple future)
2.3.2 T−¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn ( future progressive)
2.3.3 T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (future perfect)
3. Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ.
= 3.1 Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ.
= 3.2 C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ sè it.
= 3.3 C¸ch sö dông none, no
= 3.4 C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either ... or vµ neither ... nor.
= 3.5 C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ
= 3.6 C¸ch sö dông A number of/ the number of
= 3.7 C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu.
= 3.8 C¸ch dïng c¸c thµnh ng÷ There is, there are
4. §¹i tõ
= 4.1 §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng chñ ng÷ (Subject pronoun)
= 4.2 §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t©n ng÷
= 4.3 TÝnh tõ së h÷u
= 4.4 §¹i tõ së h÷u
= 4.5 §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n (reflexive pronoun)
5. §éng tõ dïng lµm t©n ng÷
= 5.1 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµm t©n ng÷
= 5.2 Ving dïng lµm t©n ng÷
= 5.3 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt
= 5.4 C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng ®»ng sau giíi tõ
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 3
luyÖn thi ToEFL
= 5.5 VÊn ®Ò ®¹i tõ ®i tr−íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc Ving lµm
t©n ng÷.
6. C¸ch sö dông ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt need vµ dare
= 6.1 need
= 6.2 Dare
7. C¸ch dïng ®éng tõ to be + infinitive
8. C©u hái
= 8.1 C©u hái yes vµ no
= 8.2 C©u hái th«ng b¸o
8.2.1 who vµ what lµm chñ ng÷.
8.2.2 Whom vµ what lµ t©n ng÷ cña c©u hái
8.2.3 C©u hái dµnh cho c¸c bæ ng÷ (when, where, why, how)
= 8.3 C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp (embedded questions)
= 8.4 C©u hái cã ®u«i
9. Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh.
= 9.1 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh.
= 9.2 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh
10. C©u phñ ®Þnh
11. MÖnh lÖnh thøc
= 11.1 MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕp.
= 11.2 MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.
12. §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.
= 12.1 DiÔn ®¹t thêi t−¬ng lai.
= 12.2 DiÔn ®¹t c©u ®iÒu kiÖn.
12.2.1 §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
12.2.2 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
4 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
12.2.3 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi qu¸ khø.
12.2.4 C¸c c¸ch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña Will, would vµ sould trong c¸c
mÖnh ®Ò if
13. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though.
= 13.1 Thêi hiÖn t¹i.
= 13.2 Thêi qu¸ khø.
14. C¸ch sö dông ®éng tõ To hope vµ to wish.
= 14.1 Thêi t−¬ng lai.
= 14.2 Thêi hiÖn t¹i
= 14.3 Thêi qu¸ khø.
15. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ used to vµ get/be used to
= 15.1 used to.
= 15.2 get / be used to.
16. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would rather
= 16.1 Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷.
= 16.2 Lo¹i c©u cã 2 chñ ng÷
17. C¸ch sö dông Would Like
18. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c
tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i.
= 18.1 Could/may/might.
= 18.2 Should
= 18.3 Must
19. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÕn ®¹t c¸c
tr¹ng th¸i ë thêi qu¸ khø.
20. tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb).
21. §éng tõ nèi.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 5
luyÖn thi ToEFL
22. So s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ danh tõ
= 22.1 So s¸nh b»ng.
= 22.2 So s¸nh h¬n, kÐm
= 22.3 So s¸nh hîp lý
= 22.4 C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh ®Æc biÖt
= 22.5 So s¸nh ®a bé
= 22.6 So s¸nh kÐp (cµng ....th× cµng)
= 22.7 No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th×; ch¼ng bao l©u ... th×)
23. D¹ng nguyªn, so s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt.
24. C¸c danh tõ lµm chøc n¨ng tÝnh tõ
25. Enough víi tÝnh tõ, phã tõ vµ danh tõ
26. C¸c tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n
= 26.1 Because/ because of
= 26.2 Môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ (so that- ®Ó)
= 26.3 Cause and effect
27. Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn
28. C©u bÞ ®éng
29. §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n
= 29.1 Have/ get / make
= 29.2 Let
= 29.3 Help
30. Ba ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt
31. CÊu tróc phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ
= 31.1 That vµ Which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô
= 31.2 That vµ wich lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô
= 31.3 Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô
6 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
= 31.4 Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô
= 31.5 MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc
= 31.6 TÇm quan träng cña dÊu phÈy trong mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 31.7 C¸ch sö dông All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom /
which
= 31.8 What vµ whose
32. C¸ch lo¹i bá c¸c mÖnh ®Ò phô
33. C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ 1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
34. C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh
35. Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that
= 35.1 That víi t− c¸ch cña mét liªn tõ (r»ng)
= 35.2 MÖnh ®Ò cã that
36. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh
= 36.1 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng would rather that
= 36.2 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi ®éng tõ trong b¶ng.
= 36.3 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi tÝnh tõ
= 36.4 Dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c
= 36.5 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it is time
37. Lèi nãi bao hµm
= 37.1 Not only ... but also (kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cßn)
= 37.2 As well as (còng nh−, còng nh− lµ)
= 37.3 Both ... and ( c¶ ... lÉn )
38. C¸ch sö dông to know vµ to know how
39. MÖnh ®Ò nh−îng bé
= 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mÆc dï)
= 39.2 although, even though, though
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 7
luyÖn thi ToEFL
40. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
41. Mét sè ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c.
PhÇn II
TiÕng Anh viÕt
I. C¸c lçi th−êng gÆp trong tiÕng anh viÕt
42. Sù hoµ hîp cña thêi ®éng tõ
43. C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell
44. Tõ ®i tr−íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu
45. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng one vµ you
46. C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 46.1 V+ing më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 46.2 Ph©n tõ 2 më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ bÞ ®éng
= 46.3 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ®Ých më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 46.4 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù
t−¬ng øng
47. Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ
= 47.1 Dïng ph©n tõ 1 lµm tÝnh tõ
= 47.2 Dïng ph©n tõ 2 lµm tÝnh tõ
48. Thõa (redundancy)
49. CÊu tróc c©u song song
50. Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ th«ng tin gi¸n tiÕp
= 50.1 C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp
= 50.2 Ph−¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp
= 50.3 §éng tõ víi t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp
51. Phã tõ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u
8 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
52. C¸ch chän nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng
53. Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
54. C¸ch sö dông giíi tõ
= 54.1 During - trong suèt (hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi
gian)
= 54.2 From (tõ) >< to (®Õn)
= 54.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµo)
= 54.4 by
= 54.5 In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜa x¸c ®Þnh h¬n at
= 54.6 on
= 54.7 at - ë t¹i (th−êng lµ bªn ngoµi, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh b»ng in)
55. Ng÷ ®éng tõ
56. Sù kÕt hîp cña c¸c danh tõ, ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ víi c¸c giíi
tõ
GRAMMAR REVIEW
CÊu tróc c©u tiÕng Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Chñ ng÷ §éng tõ vÞ ng÷ t©n ng÷ bæ ng÷
1. Chñ ng÷ (subject)
• §øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
• Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒu nhÊt
vÉn lµ 1 danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 9
luyÖn thi ToEFL
1.1 Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
- Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã thÓ ®−îc dïng víi sè ®Õm do ®ã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã
cã thÓ dïng ®−îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the.
- Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i
sè nhiÒu. Do ®ã, nã kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi a (an).
- Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt vÝ dô:
person - people woman –
women
mouse - mice foot – feet
tooth - teeth man - men.
-Sau ®©y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc mµ ta cÇn biÕt.
Sand soap physics mathematics
News mumps Air politics
measles information Meat homework
food economics advertising* money
* MÆc dï advertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc, nh−ng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ
®Õm ®−îc.
VÝ dô:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water, ®«i lóc ®−îc
dïng nh− c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ®ã.
VÝ dô:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(chØ ra mét lo¹i thøc ¨n ®Æc biÖt nµo ®ã)
He studies meats
( ch¼ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
B¶ng sau lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®−îc víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc (with count Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (with non-count noun)
10 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
noun)
a (an), the, some, any the, some, any
this, that, these, those, this, that
none,one,two,three,... non
many much (th−êng dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh hoÆc c©u
a lot of hái
plenty of a lot of
a large number of
a great number of, a great many of. a large amount of
(a) few a great deal of
few ... than (a) little
more ... than less ... than
more ... than
- Danh tõ time nÕu dïng víi nghÜa thêi gian lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh−ng nÕu dïng víi
nghÜa sè lÇn hoÆc thêi ®¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc.
VÝ dô:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vµ an
an - ®−îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o
- hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y
- c¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m.
vÝ dô: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- hoÆc tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®−îc ®äc nh− 1 nguyªn ©m.
VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : ®−îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phô ©m (consonant).
- dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt
®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu trong c©u.
- ®−îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh.
VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 11
luyÖn thi ToEFL
- dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn.
VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand.
- tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn.
VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ®äc lµ one and a half kilos.
Chó ý: 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half).
- dïng tr−íc half khi nã ®i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp.
VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn.
- dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one
third, one fourth, one fifth .
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ.
VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, dïng trong c©u
c¶m th¸n.
VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a cã thÓ ®−îc ®Æt tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):
VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ ng−êi ®µn «ng ®−îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ
ng−êi l¹ ®èi víi ng−êi nãi. Cßn nÕu kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ng−êi nãi biÕt «ng Smith.
2- The
- §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc
®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2 trong c©u.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States
of America.
- The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt.
VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way.
VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ®æi
danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nh−ng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tr−íc.
VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
12 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
- The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh.
VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj ®¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc coi lµ
1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ ®éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ®−îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tËt; The unem-
ployed = nh÷ng ng−êi thÊt nghiÖp.
- Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö.
VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
VÝ dô: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi
tªn cña mét khu vùc ®Þa lý.
VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tªn c¸c ®å hîp x−íng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.
VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu.
VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ®×nh hä nhµ ...
VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ®×nh nhµ
Smith.
- The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh ®Ò cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt ng−êi nµy víi
ng−êi kh¸c cïng tªn.
VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed
this letter.
- Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison,
school, college, university khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng (chØ ®i tíi
®ã lµm môc ®Ých chÝnh).
VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ®Ó ngñ)
to church (®Ó cÇu nguyÖn)
to court (®Ó kiÖn tông)
We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh)
to prison (®i tï)
to school / college/ university (®Ó häc)
T−¬ng tù
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 13
luyÖn thi ToEFL
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital
be released from prison.
Víi môc ®Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.
VÝ dô:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.
• Sea
Go to sea (thñy thñ ®i biÓn)
to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ®i trªn biÓn)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ®i t¾m biÓn, nghØ m¸t.
We can live by / near the sea.
• Work and office.
Work (n¬i lµm viÖc) ®−îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc.
Go to work.
nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.
Go to the office.
VÝ dô:
He is at / in the office.
NÕu to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜa lµ ®ang gi÷ chøc.
To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc.
• Town
The cã thÓ bá ®i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊn cña ng−êi nãi hoÆc cña chñ thÓ.
VÝ dô:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
14 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ®Ých chÝnh lµ ®i mua hµng.
B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Dïng the Kh«ng dïng the
• Tr−íc c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, • Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ýt).
vÞnh vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the
Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói. • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley
• Tr−íc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ • Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chïm
giíi hoÆc vò trô. sao
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
• Tr−íc School/college/university + of +
noun • Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy khi tr−íc nã
VÝ dô: lµ 1 tªn riªng.
The University of Florida. VÝ dô:
The college of Arts and Sciences. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson Univer-
• Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun. sity.
• Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè
VÝ dô: ®Õm.
The first world war.
The third chapter. VÝ dô:
• Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi World war one
®iÒu kiÖn tªn c¸c khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®−îc chapter three.
tÝnh tõ ho¸. • Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc
VÝ dô: chiÕn tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó
The Korean war. nguyªn.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn.
Ngo¹i trõ Great Britain.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Swe-
VÝ dô:
The United States, the United King- den, Venezuela vµ c¸c n−íc ®−îc ®øng
dom, the Central Africal Republic. tr−íc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph−¬ng
h−íng.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi lµ 1 quÇn
®¶o. VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.
VÝ dô: The Philipin.
• Tr−íc c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang • Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh,
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 15
luyÖn thi ToEFL
tÝnh lÞch sö. thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn.
VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna VÝ dô: Europe, California.
Carta. • Tr−íc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Base ball, basket ball.
The Indians, the Aztecs. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu
• Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. t−îng trõ nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness.
To play the piano. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Mathematics, Sociology.
The applied Math. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt.
The theoretical Physics. VÝ dô:
Christmas, thanksgiving.
1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc
• another + dt®2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i • the other + dt ®2sè Ýt = ng−êi cuèi
kh¸c, 1 ng−êi n÷a, 1 ng−êi kh¸c. cïng, c¸i cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm.
VÝ dô: another pencil • other + dt kh«ng ®2 = 1 chót n÷a.
• other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, VÝ dô: other water = some more water.
mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ng−êi n÷a, mÊy other beer = some more beer.
ng−êi kh¸c. • the other + dt kh«ng ®2 = chç cßn sãt
VÝ dô: other pencils = some more. l¹i.
• the other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i VÝ dô:
cuèi cïng, nh÷ng ng−êi cuèi cïng cßn The other beer = the remaining beer.
l¹i. (chç bia cßn l¹i)
VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining
pencils
- Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ®Þnh. NÕu danh tõ hoÆc
chñ ng÷ ë trªn ®· ®−îc hiÓu hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn, chØ cÇn dïng another vµ other nh− 1
®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
- NÕu danh tõ ®−îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu th× other ®−îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch
(other + nouns hoÆc others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ®−îc sö dông (others + DTSN).
16 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
- Cã thÓ dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ
other.
L−u ý r»ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ®¹i tõ one nh−ng these vµ those tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng
dïng víi ones.
1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
- Little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc : rÊt Ýt, hÇu nh− kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc: cã 1 chót, ®ñ ®Ó dïng.
VÝ dô:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu : cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu : cã mét Ýt, ®ñ ®Ó.
VÝ dô:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- NÕu danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë d−íi chØ cÇn dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh− 1
®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒu.
- only a few = only a little = cã rÊt Ýt ( nhÊn m¹nh).
1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
The + noun’s + noun.
- ChØ ®−îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho bÊt ®éng
vËt.
VÝ dô:
The student’s book.
The cat’s legs.
- NÕu cã 2 danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u
nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
Tom and Mark’s house.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 17
luyÖn thi ToEFL
- §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s th× chØ cÇn ®Æt dÊu ‘ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
The students’ books.
- Nh−ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng cã s t¹i ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng
nguyªn dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The children’s toys.
- Nã ®−îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.)
VÝ dô:
The 1980’ events.
The 21 st century’s prospect.
- Nã ®−îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu. NÕu dïng së
h÷u c¸ch cho mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu tøc lµ ta ®ang nh©n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ®ã.
VÝ dô:
The summer’s hot days.
The winter’s cold days.
The spring’s coming back = Nµng Xu©n ®ang trë vÒ.
The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ®i cña Nµng Thu.
Tr−êng hîp nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ dïng trong 1
sè tr−êng hîp thËt ®Æc biÖt khi danh tõ ®ã n»m trong c¸c thµnh ng÷.
VÝ dô:
A stone’s throw.
- §«i khi ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc ®Þa ®iÓm chØ cÇn dïng së h÷u c¸ch
cho danh tõ ®ã mµ kh«ng cÇn danh tõ theo sau.
VÝ dô:
At the hairdresser’s
At the butcher’s
1.6 Some, any
some vµ any nghÜa lµ “1 sè hoÆc 1 l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh”. Chóng ®−îc sö dông víi (hoÆc
thay thÕ) c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu hoÆc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
+ Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒu cña a/an vµ one:
VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ®¹i tõ riªng/ ®¹i tõ së h÷u.
VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
18 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
+ some ®−îc sö dông víi :
- C¸c ®éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
They bought some honey.
- Trong c¸c c©u hái mµ cã c©u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’.
VÝ dô:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng−êi nãi chê ®îi c©u tr¶ lêi lµ yes)
- Trong c¸c c©u ®Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇu:
VÝ dô:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any ®−îc sö dông:
- Víi ®éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh
VÝ dô:
I haven’t any matches.
- Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh)
VÝ dô:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Víi without khi without any ... = with no ...
VÝ dô:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Víi c¸c c©u hái
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether c¸c thµnh ng÷ mang tÝnh nghi ngê.
VÝ dô:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. §éng tõ ( verb)
§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:
- Qu¸ khø.
- HiÖn t¹i.
- T−¬ng lai.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 19
luyÖn thi ToEFL
Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia ra lµm nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh chÝnh x¸c thêi gian cña hµnh
®éng.
2.1 HiÖn t¹i (present)
2.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present)
Khi chia ®éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã s ë ®u«i vµ vÇn ®ã ph¶i ®−îc ®äc lªn.
VÝ dô:
John walks to school everyday.
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë thêi ®iÓm hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ
vÒ mÆt thêi gian vµ hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh quy luËt.
- Nã th−êng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh−: now, present day, nowadays. §Æc biÖt lµ1 sè phã
tõ chØ tÇn suÊt ho¹t ®éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.
VÝ dô:
They understand the problem now.
Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)
We want to leave now.
Your cough sounds bad.
2.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive)
am
Subject + is + [verb +ing
]...
are
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
cô thÓ b»ng c¸c phã tõ nh− now, right now, presently.
- Nã dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇn.
VÝ dô:
He is learning in the US.
L−u ý: §Ó ph©n biÖt t−¬ng lai gÇn vµ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra cÇn c¨n cø vµo phã tõ
trong c©u)
VÝ dô:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖn t¹i ®ang kiÓm tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t−¬ng lai gÇn - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµo ngµy mai)
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)
Have + P2
20 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐo dµi vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn
t¹i. Thêi gian trong c©u hoµn toµn kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.
- ChØ 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi tíi hiÖn t¹i.
- Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian.
- Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, already cã thÓ ®øng sau have nh−ng nã còng
cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u.
have
Subject + + already +
P2
has
VÝ dô:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh, yet th−êng xuyªn ®øng ë
cuèi c©u, c«ng thøc sau:
have
Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet
...
has
VÝ dô:
John hasn’t written his report yet.
The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
We haven’t called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp yet cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®øng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ®æi.
Not mÊt ®i vµ ph©n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
have
Subject + + yet + [verb in simple
form] ...
has
VÝ dô:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 21
FOR MOR INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT
[email protected]
1. Chñ ng÷ (subject). 7
= 1.1 Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
= 1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
= 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
= 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
= 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
= 1.6 Some, any
2. §éng tõ ( verb)
= 2.1 HiÖn t¹i (present)
2.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present)
2.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive)
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)
2.1.4 HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn ( preset perfect progressive)
= 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (simple past)
2.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn (Past progresive).
2.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (past perfect).
2 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
2.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn (past perfect progressive).
= 2.3 T−¬ng lai
2.3.1 T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (simple future)
2.3.2 T−¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn ( future progressive)
2.3.3 T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (future perfect)
3. Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ.
= 3.1 Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ.
= 3.2 C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ sè it.
= 3.3 C¸ch sö dông none, no
= 3.4 C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either ... or vµ neither ... nor.
= 3.5 C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ
= 3.6 C¸ch sö dông A number of/ the number of
= 3.7 C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu.
= 3.8 C¸ch dïng c¸c thµnh ng÷ There is, there are
4. §¹i tõ
= 4.1 §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng chñ ng÷ (Subject pronoun)
= 4.2 §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t©n ng÷
= 4.3 TÝnh tõ së h÷u
= 4.4 §¹i tõ së h÷u
= 4.5 §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n (reflexive pronoun)
5. §éng tõ dïng lµm t©n ng÷
= 5.1 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµm t©n ng÷
= 5.2 Ving dïng lµm t©n ng÷
= 5.3 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt
= 5.4 C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng ®»ng sau giíi tõ
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 3
luyÖn thi ToEFL
= 5.5 VÊn ®Ò ®¹i tõ ®i tr−íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc Ving lµm
t©n ng÷.
6. C¸ch sö dông ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt need vµ dare
= 6.1 need
= 6.2 Dare
7. C¸ch dïng ®éng tõ to be + infinitive
8. C©u hái
= 8.1 C©u hái yes vµ no
= 8.2 C©u hái th«ng b¸o
8.2.1 who vµ what lµm chñ ng÷.
8.2.2 Whom vµ what lµ t©n ng÷ cña c©u hái
8.2.3 C©u hái dµnh cho c¸c bæ ng÷ (when, where, why, how)
= 8.3 C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp (embedded questions)
= 8.4 C©u hái cã ®u«i
9. Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh.
= 9.1 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh.
= 9.2 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh
10. C©u phñ ®Þnh
11. MÖnh lÖnh thøc
= 11.1 MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕp.
= 11.2 MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.
12. §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.
= 12.1 DiÔn ®¹t thêi t−¬ng lai.
= 12.2 DiÔn ®¹t c©u ®iÒu kiÖn.
12.2.1 §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
12.2.2 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
4 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
12.2.3 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi qu¸ khø.
12.2.4 C¸c c¸ch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña Will, would vµ sould trong c¸c
mÖnh ®Ò if
13. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though.
= 13.1 Thêi hiÖn t¹i.
= 13.2 Thêi qu¸ khø.
14. C¸ch sö dông ®éng tõ To hope vµ to wish.
= 14.1 Thêi t−¬ng lai.
= 14.2 Thêi hiÖn t¹i
= 14.3 Thêi qu¸ khø.
15. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ used to vµ get/be used to
= 15.1 used to.
= 15.2 get / be used to.
16. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would rather
= 16.1 Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷.
= 16.2 Lo¹i c©u cã 2 chñ ng÷
17. C¸ch sö dông Would Like
18. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c
tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i.
= 18.1 Could/may/might.
= 18.2 Should
= 18.3 Must
19. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÕn ®¹t c¸c
tr¹ng th¸i ë thêi qu¸ khø.
20. tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb).
21. §éng tõ nèi.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 5
luyÖn thi ToEFL
22. So s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ danh tõ
= 22.1 So s¸nh b»ng.
= 22.2 So s¸nh h¬n, kÐm
= 22.3 So s¸nh hîp lý
= 22.4 C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh ®Æc biÖt
= 22.5 So s¸nh ®a bé
= 22.6 So s¸nh kÐp (cµng ....th× cµng)
= 22.7 No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th×; ch¼ng bao l©u ... th×)
23. D¹ng nguyªn, so s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt.
24. C¸c danh tõ lµm chøc n¨ng tÝnh tõ
25. Enough víi tÝnh tõ, phã tõ vµ danh tõ
26. C¸c tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n
= 26.1 Because/ because of
= 26.2 Môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ (so that- ®Ó)
= 26.3 Cause and effect
27. Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn
28. C©u bÞ ®éng
29. §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n
= 29.1 Have/ get / make
= 29.2 Let
= 29.3 Help
30. Ba ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt
31. CÊu tróc phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ
= 31.1 That vµ Which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô
= 31.2 That vµ wich lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô
= 31.3 Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô
6 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
= 31.4 Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô
= 31.5 MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc
= 31.6 TÇm quan träng cña dÊu phÈy trong mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 31.7 C¸ch sö dông All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom /
which
= 31.8 What vµ whose
32. C¸ch lo¹i bá c¸c mÖnh ®Ò phô
33. C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ 1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
34. C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh
35. Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that
= 35.1 That víi t− c¸ch cña mét liªn tõ (r»ng)
= 35.2 MÖnh ®Ò cã that
36. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh
= 36.1 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng would rather that
= 36.2 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi ®éng tõ trong b¶ng.
= 36.3 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi tÝnh tõ
= 36.4 Dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c
= 36.5 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it is time
37. Lèi nãi bao hµm
= 37.1 Not only ... but also (kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cßn)
= 37.2 As well as (còng nh−, còng nh− lµ)
= 37.3 Both ... and ( c¶ ... lÉn )
38. C¸ch sö dông to know vµ to know how
39. MÖnh ®Ò nh−îng bé
= 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mÆc dï)
= 39.2 although, even though, though
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 7
luyÖn thi ToEFL
40. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
41. Mét sè ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c.
PhÇn II
TiÕng Anh viÕt
I. C¸c lçi th−êng gÆp trong tiÕng anh viÕt
42. Sù hoµ hîp cña thêi ®éng tõ
43. C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell
44. Tõ ®i tr−íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu
45. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng one vµ you
46. C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 46.1 V+ing më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 46.2 Ph©n tõ 2 më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ bÞ ®éng
= 46.3 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ®Ých më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
= 46.4 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù
t−¬ng øng
47. Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ
= 47.1 Dïng ph©n tõ 1 lµm tÝnh tõ
= 47.2 Dïng ph©n tõ 2 lµm tÝnh tõ
48. Thõa (redundancy)
49. CÊu tróc c©u song song
50. Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ th«ng tin gi¸n tiÕp
= 50.1 C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp
= 50.2 Ph−¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp
= 50.3 §éng tõ víi t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp
51. Phã tõ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u
8 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
52. C¸ch chän nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng
53. Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
54. C¸ch sö dông giíi tõ
= 54.1 During - trong suèt (hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi
gian)
= 54.2 From (tõ) >< to (®Õn)
= 54.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµo)
= 54.4 by
= 54.5 In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜa x¸c ®Þnh h¬n at
= 54.6 on
= 54.7 at - ë t¹i (th−êng lµ bªn ngoµi, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh b»ng in)
55. Ng÷ ®éng tõ
56. Sù kÕt hîp cña c¸c danh tõ, ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ víi c¸c giíi
tõ
GRAMMAR REVIEW
CÊu tróc c©u tiÕng Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Chñ ng÷ §éng tõ vÞ ng÷ t©n ng÷ bæ ng÷
1. Chñ ng÷ (subject)
• §øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
• Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒu nhÊt
vÉn lµ 1 danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 9
luyÖn thi ToEFL
1.1 Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
- Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã thÓ ®−îc dïng víi sè ®Õm do ®ã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã
cã thÓ dïng ®−îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the.
- Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i
sè nhiÒu. Do ®ã, nã kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi a (an).
- Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt vÝ dô:
person - people woman –
women
mouse - mice foot – feet
tooth - teeth man - men.
-Sau ®©y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc mµ ta cÇn biÕt.
Sand soap physics mathematics
News mumps Air politics
measles information Meat homework
food economics advertising* money
* MÆc dï advertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc, nh−ng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ
®Õm ®−îc.
VÝ dô:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water, ®«i lóc ®−îc
dïng nh− c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ®ã.
VÝ dô:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(chØ ra mét lo¹i thøc ¨n ®Æc biÖt nµo ®ã)
He studies meats
( ch¼ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
B¶ng sau lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®−îc víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc (with count Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (with non-count noun)
10 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
noun)
a (an), the, some, any the, some, any
this, that, these, those, this, that
none,one,two,three,... non
many much (th−êng dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh hoÆc c©u
a lot of hái
plenty of a lot of
a large number of
a great number of, a great many of. a large amount of
(a) few a great deal of
few ... than (a) little
more ... than less ... than
more ... than
- Danh tõ time nÕu dïng víi nghÜa thêi gian lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh−ng nÕu dïng víi
nghÜa sè lÇn hoÆc thêi ®¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc.
VÝ dô:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vµ an
an - ®−îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o
- hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y
- c¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m.
vÝ dô: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- hoÆc tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®−îc ®äc nh− 1 nguyªn ©m.
VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : ®−îc dïng:
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phô ©m (consonant).
- dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt
®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu trong c©u.
- ®−îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh.
VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 11
luyÖn thi ToEFL
- dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn.
VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand.
- tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn.
VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ®äc lµ one and a half kilos.
Chó ý: 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half).
- dïng tr−íc half khi nã ®i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp.
VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn.
- dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one
third, one fourth, one fifth .
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ.
VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, dïng trong c©u
c¶m th¸n.
VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a cã thÓ ®−îc ®Æt tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname):
VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ ng−êi ®µn «ng ®−îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ
ng−êi l¹ ®èi víi ng−êi nãi. Cßn nÕu kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ng−êi nãi biÕt «ng Smith.
2- The
- §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc
®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2 trong c©u.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States
of America.
- The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt.
VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way.
VÝ dô : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ®æi
danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nh−ng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tr−íc.
VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
12 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
- The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh.
VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj ®¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc coi lµ
1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ ®éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ®−îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tËt; The unem-
ployed = nh÷ng ng−êi thÊt nghiÖp.
- Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö.
VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
VÝ dô: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi
tªn cña mét khu vùc ®Þa lý.
VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tªn c¸c ®å hîp x−íng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng.
VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu.
VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ®×nh hä nhµ ...
VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ®×nh nhµ
Smith.
- The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh ®Ò cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt ng−êi nµy víi
ng−êi kh¸c cïng tªn.
VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed
this letter.
- Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison,
school, college, university khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng (chØ ®i tíi
®ã lµm môc ®Ých chÝnh).
VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ®Ó ngñ)
to church (®Ó cÇu nguyÖn)
to court (®Ó kiÖn tông)
We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh)
to prison (®i tï)
to school / college/ university (®Ó häc)
T−¬ng tù
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 13
luyÖn thi ToEFL
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital
be released from prison.
Víi môc ®Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the.
VÝ dô:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.
• Sea
Go to sea (thñy thñ ®i biÓn)
to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ®i trªn biÓn)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ®i t¾m biÓn, nghØ m¸t.
We can live by / near the sea.
• Work and office.
Work (n¬i lµm viÖc) ®−îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc.
Go to work.
nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the.
Go to the office.
VÝ dô:
He is at / in the office.
NÕu to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜa lµ ®ang gi÷ chøc.
To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc.
• Town
The cã thÓ bá ®i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊn cña ng−êi nãi hoÆc cña chñ thÓ.
VÝ dô:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
14 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ®Ých chÝnh lµ ®i mua hµng.
B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Dïng the Kh«ng dïng the
• Tr−íc c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, • Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ýt).
vÞnh vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie
The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the
Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói. • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley
• Tr−íc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ • Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chïm
giíi hoÆc vò trô. sao
VÝ dô: VÝ dô:
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
• Tr−íc School/college/university + of +
noun • Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy khi tr−íc nã
VÝ dô: lµ 1 tªn riªng.
The University of Florida. VÝ dô:
The college of Arts and Sciences. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson Univer-
• Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun. sity.
• Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè
VÝ dô: ®Õm.
The first world war.
The third chapter. VÝ dô:
• Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi World war one
®iÒu kiÖn tªn c¸c khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®−îc chapter three.
tÝnh tõ ho¸. • Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc
VÝ dô: chiÕn tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó
The Korean war. nguyªn.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn.
Ngo¹i trõ Great Britain.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Swe-
VÝ dô:
The United States, the United King- den, Venezuela vµ c¸c n−íc ®−îc ®øng
dom, the Central Africal Republic. tr−íc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph−¬ng
h−íng.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi lµ 1 quÇn
®¶o. VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.
VÝ dô: The Philipin.
• Tr−íc c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang • Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh,
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 15
luyÖn thi ToEFL
tÝnh lÞch sö. thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn.
VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna VÝ dô: Europe, California.
Carta. • Tr−íc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Base ball, basket ball.
The Indians, the Aztecs. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu
• Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. t−îng trõ nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness.
To play the piano. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung.
• Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ. VÝ dô:
VÝ dô: Mathematics, Sociology.
The applied Math. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt.
The theoretical Physics. VÝ dô:
Christmas, thanksgiving.
1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another.
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc
• another + dt®2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i • the other + dt ®2sè Ýt = ng−êi cuèi
kh¸c, 1 ng−êi n÷a, 1 ng−êi kh¸c. cïng, c¸i cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm.
VÝ dô: another pencil • other + dt kh«ng ®2 = 1 chót n÷a.
• other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, VÝ dô: other water = some more water.
mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ng−êi n÷a, mÊy other beer = some more beer.
ng−êi kh¸c. • the other + dt kh«ng ®2 = chç cßn sãt
VÝ dô: other pencils = some more. l¹i.
• the other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i VÝ dô:
cuèi cïng, nh÷ng ng−êi cuèi cïng cßn The other beer = the remaining beer.
l¹i. (chç bia cßn l¹i)
VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining
pencils
- Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ®Þnh. NÕu danh tõ hoÆc
chñ ng÷ ë trªn ®· ®−îc hiÓu hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn, chØ cÇn dïng another vµ other nh− 1
®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
- NÕu danh tõ ®−îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu th× other ®−îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch
(other + nouns hoÆc others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ®−îc sö dông (others + DTSN).
16 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
- Cã thÓ dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ
other.
L−u ý r»ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ®¹i tõ one nh−ng these vµ those tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng
dïng víi ones.
1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few
- Little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc : rÊt Ýt, hÇu nh− kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc: cã 1 chót, ®ñ ®Ó dïng.
VÝ dô:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu : cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu : cã mét Ýt, ®ñ ®Ó.
VÝ dô:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- NÕu danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë d−íi chØ cÇn dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh− 1
®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒu.
- only a few = only a little = cã rÊt Ýt ( nhÊn m¹nh).
1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch
The + noun’s + noun.
- ChØ ®−îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho bÊt ®éng
vËt.
VÝ dô:
The student’s book.
The cat’s legs.
- NÕu cã 2 danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u
nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
Tom and Mark’s house.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 17
luyÖn thi ToEFL
- §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s th× chØ cÇn ®Æt dÊu ‘ lµ ®ñ.
VÝ dô:
The students’ books.
- Nh−ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng cã s t¹i ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng
nguyªn dÊu së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The children’s toys.
- Nã ®−îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.)
VÝ dô:
The 1980’ events.
The 21 st century’s prospect.
- Nã ®−îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu. NÕu dïng së
h÷u c¸ch cho mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu tøc lµ ta ®ang nh©n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ®ã.
VÝ dô:
The summer’s hot days.
The winter’s cold days.
The spring’s coming back = Nµng Xu©n ®ang trë vÒ.
The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ®i cña Nµng Thu.
Tr−êng hîp nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ dïng trong 1
sè tr−êng hîp thËt ®Æc biÖt khi danh tõ ®ã n»m trong c¸c thµnh ng÷.
VÝ dô:
A stone’s throw.
- §«i khi ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc ®Þa ®iÓm chØ cÇn dïng së h÷u c¸ch
cho danh tõ ®ã mµ kh«ng cÇn danh tõ theo sau.
VÝ dô:
At the hairdresser’s
At the butcher’s
1.6 Some, any
some vµ any nghÜa lµ “1 sè hoÆc 1 l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh”. Chóng ®−îc sö dông víi (hoÆc
thay thÕ) c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu hoÆc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
+ Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒu cña a/an vµ one:
VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ®¹i tõ riªng/ ®¹i tõ së h÷u.
VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
18 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
+ some ®−îc sö dông víi :
- C¸c ®éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
They bought some honey.
- Trong c¸c c©u hái mµ cã c©u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’.
VÝ dô:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng−êi nãi chê ®îi c©u tr¶ lêi lµ yes)
- Trong c¸c c©u ®Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇu:
VÝ dô:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any ®−îc sö dông:
- Víi ®éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh
VÝ dô:
I haven’t any matches.
- Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh)
VÝ dô:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Víi without khi without any ... = with no ...
VÝ dô:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Víi c¸c c©u hái
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether c¸c thµnh ng÷ mang tÝnh nghi ngê.
VÝ dô:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. §éng tõ ( verb)
§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:
- Qu¸ khø.
- HiÖn t¹i.
- T−¬ng lai.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 19
luyÖn thi ToEFL
Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia ra lµm nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh chÝnh x¸c thêi gian cña hµnh
®éng.
2.1 HiÖn t¹i (present)
2.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present)
Khi chia ®éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã s ë ®u«i vµ vÇn ®ã ph¶i ®−îc ®äc lªn.
VÝ dô:
John walks to school everyday.
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë thêi ®iÓm hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ
vÒ mÆt thêi gian vµ hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh quy luËt.
- Nã th−êng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh−: now, present day, nowadays. §Æc biÖt lµ1 sè phã
tõ chØ tÇn suÊt ho¹t ®éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.
VÝ dô:
They understand the problem now.
Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)
We want to leave now.
Your cough sounds bad.
2.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive)
am
Subject + is + [verb +ing
]...
are
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
cô thÓ b»ng c¸c phã tõ nh− now, right now, presently.
- Nã dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇn.
VÝ dô:
He is learning in the US.
L−u ý: §Ó ph©n biÖt t−¬ng lai gÇn vµ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra cÇn c¨n cø vµo phã tõ
trong c©u)
VÝ dô:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖn t¹i ®ang kiÓm tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t−¬ng lai gÇn - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµo ngµy mai)
2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)
Have + P2
20 häc - häc n÷a -häc m·i
TiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐo dµi vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn
t¹i. Thêi gian trong c©u hoµn toµn kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.
- ChØ 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi tíi hiÖn t¹i.
- Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian.
- Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, already cã thÓ ®øng sau have nh−ng nã còng
cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u.
have
Subject + + already +
P2
has
VÝ dô:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh, yet th−êng xuyªn ®øng ë
cuèi c©u, c«ng thøc sau:
have
Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet
...
has
VÝ dô:
John hasn’t written his report yet.
The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
We haven’t called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp yet cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®øng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ®æi.
Not mÊt ®i vµ ph©n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
have
Subject + + yet + [verb in simple
form] ...
has
VÝ dô:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 21