Luận văn;luận văn thạc sĩ;luận án tiến sĩ;tài liệu; khóa luận tốt nghiệp; báo cáo khoa học;đồ án tốt nghiệp;khoán luận 22052015131202

Updatesofts.com Ebook Team
Mục lục
Grammar Review ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ .... 1
....................................
................................
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun) ............................... 1
Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an" ................................................................
................................................................
.........................................
......... 2
Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"................................
"The"................................
................................................................
............................................................
................................ ............................ 3
C¸ch sö dông another vµ other.................................
other. ................................
................................................................
...............................................
................................ ............... 7
C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few ................................................................
................................................................
......................................
...... 8
Së h÷u c¸ch ................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
............................................
................................ ............ 9
Verb................................
Verb ................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................ ......................................................
................................ ...................... 11
1) Present ................................................................
................................................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................................. 11
1) Simple Present .........................................................................................................................11
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) .............................................................................................11
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII .....................................................................................................12
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing ......................................................................12
2. Past ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................
................................... 13
1) Simple Past: V-ed .....................................................................................................................13
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing .....................................................................................13
3) Past Perfect: Had + PII ..............................................................................................................14
4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing .......................................................................14
3. Future
Future ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................ 14
1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form.......................................................14
2) Near Future...............................................................................................................................15
3) Future Progressive: will/shall+verbing ......................................................................................15
4) Future Perfect: Whill/ Shall + Have + PII ..................................................................................16
hîp
Sù hßa hî tõ................................
p gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ ................................ ......................................
................................................................
................................ ...... 17
1. C¸c tr−êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ ................................................................
................................................................ 17
2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt....................
Ýt.................... 17
3. C¸ch sö dông None vµ No................................
No ................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................
.................................. 18
4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor
neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng) ... 18
5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ ................................................................
................................................................................................
..............................................................................
.............................................. 19
6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ ................................................................
................................................................................................
............................................................................
............................................ 19
7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of: ................................................................
.........................................................................
......................................... 21
8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu ................................................................
......................................................................................
...................................................... 21
9. Thµnh ng÷ there is,
is, there are................................
are................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................................. 21
§¹i tõ ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ .................... 24
....................................................
................................
1. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng (Chñ ng÷)................................
ng÷) ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................ 24
2. §¹i
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t©n ng÷................................
ng÷................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................
.................................... 25
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3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................
.................................................... 25
4. §¹i tõ së h÷u ................................................................
................................................................................................
......................................................................................
...................................................... 25
5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n ................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................................
................................................. 26
T©n ng÷ ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ................ 27
................................................
................................
1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷ ................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................ 27
2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷................................
ng÷................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 27
3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt................................
biÖt................................................................
................................................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 28
4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ ................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................................. 28
5. VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr−íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-
V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷. ................. 29
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt ................................ ......................... 31
.........................................................
1. Need ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................
.................................. 31
1) Dïng nh− mét ®éng tõ th−êng: ®−îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã ..................31
2) Need ®−îc sö dông nh− mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt .................................................................31
2. Dare ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................
................................... 32
1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m"......................................................................................................32
2) Dare dïng nh− mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ ............................................................................................32
C¸ch sö dông to be trong mét sè tr−êng hîp................................
hîp................................
..........................................................
.......................... 33
C¸ch sö dông to get trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt................................
biÖt................................
............................................
............ 35
1. To get + P2 ................................................................
................................................................................................
.........................................................................................
......................................................... 35
2. Get + V-
V-ing = Start + V-
V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g× ................................................................
.........................................................................
......................................... 35
3. Get sb/smt +V-
+V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu.................................
®Çu.................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 35
4. Get + to + verb ................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................... 35
5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) =
Gradually = dÇn dÇn ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................
.................................................... 35
C©u hái ................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
.................................................
................................ ................. 36
1. C©u hái Yes/ No ................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................................
................................................. 36
2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o ................................................................
................................................................................................
..............................................................................
.............................................. 36
a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷ ............................................................................................................36
b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷ ..........................................................................................................36
c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why....................................................37
3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................ 37
4. C©u hái cã ®u«i ................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................................
.................................................. 37
Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh ................................................................
®Þnh................................
................................ .................................. 39
................................
1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh ................................................................
................................................................................................
.........................................................................................
......................................................... 39
2. Phñ ®Þnh................................
®Þnh ................................................................
................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
............................................................. 39
C©u phñ ®Þnh................................................................
®Þnh................................
................................ ................................ .........................................
................................................................
................................ ......... 41
MÖnh lÖnh thøc ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ..... 43
.....................................
................................
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ................................................................
khuyÕt................................
................................ ............................ 44
............................................................
................................
C©u ®iÒu kiÖn ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ........ 45
........................................
................................
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1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 45
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ................................................................
.....................................................................
..................................... 45
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø ................................................................
....................................................................
.................................... 45
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau ifif................................
.....................................
................................ ..... 46
Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if ................................ ................................................
................................................................
................................ ................ 47
1. If... then: NÕu... th× ................................................................
................................................................................................
.............................................................................
............................................. 47
2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh
th−êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã. ................................................................
.............................................................................................
............................................................. 47
3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem
thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ) .........................................................
......................................................... 47
4. If.. was/were to... ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................ 47
5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo.................................
vµo. ..................................................
.................................................. 47
6. Not ®«i khi ®−îc thªm
thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. .. 48
7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu – kh«ng ®−îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt).................
viÕt) ................. 48
8. If... –d have... –have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn
kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø................................
khø................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 48
9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l−îc bá) .......................................................
....................................................... 48
10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh− any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh..................
®Þnh .................. 48
11. If + Adjective
Adjective = although (cho dï lµ)................................
lµ) ................................................................
....................................................................................
.................................................... 49
C¸ch sö dông to Hope, to Wish. ................................ ............................................
................................................................
................................ ............ 50
1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t−¬ng lai ................................................................
.....................................................................................
..................................................... 50
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ................................................................
.....................................................................
..................................... 50
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø ................................................................
....................................................................
.................................... 50
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh− lµ, nh− thÓ lµ)...........................
lµ)........................... 52
Used to, to be/get used to................................
to................................
................................................................
......................................................
................................ ...................... 53
C¸ch sö dông
dông thµnh ng÷ would rather ................................................................
................................................................
...................................
... 54
1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷................................
ng÷................................................................
................................................................................................
.....................................................................
..................................... 54
2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷................................
ng÷ ................................................................
................................................................................................
......................................................................
...................................... 54
a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i .......................................................................................................54
b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ...........................................................................55
c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø ..........................................................................55
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like ................................................................
like................................
................................ ....... 56
.......................................
................................
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng
tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i ......... 57
1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ. ....................................................
.................................................... 57
2. Should + Verb in simple form................................
form ................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................................. 57
3. Must + Verb in simple form ................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 57
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø........
khø ........ 59
1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®· ................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 59
2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng) ...................................................
................................................... 59
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3. Might have been + V-
V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang ................................................................
......................................................................
...................................... 59
4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn ................................................................
.............................................................................
............................................. 59
5. Must have
have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®·................................
®· ................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 59
6. Must have been V-
V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang ................................................................
............................................................................
............................................ 59
C¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ ................................
...................................
... 60
TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ... 62
...................................
................................
§éng tõ nèi ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ........... 64
...........................................
................................
C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ................................ .................................. 66
................................................................
................................
1. So s¸nh b»ng ................................................................
................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
..................................................... 66
2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm ................................................................
................................................................................................
...............................................................................
............................................... 66
3. So s¸nh
s¸nh hîp lý ................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................... 68
4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt................................
biÖt................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................................
................................................. 68
5. So s¸nh ®a béi ................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................... 69
6. So s¸nh
s¸nh kÐp ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
....................................................... 69
7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·...................................
®·... ................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 70
8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng−êi hoÆc 2 vËt................................
vËt ................................................................
.........................................................................................
......................................................... 71
9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt ................................................................
................................................................................................
...............................................................................
............................................... 71
Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ................................ .......................................................
................................................................
................................ ....................... 72
Enough ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ................. 73
.................................................
................................
Mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many ................................ ........................ 74
........................................................
Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much. 76
Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most ................................ ............................ 77
............................................................
C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time ................................ ........................................
................................................................
................................ ........ 79
Tõ nè ................................................................
nèii ................................ ...................................................
................................................................
................................ ................................ ................... 80
1. Because, Because of................................
of................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 80
Because of = on account of = due to ............................................................................................80
2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ ................................................................
...........................................................................................
........................................................... 80
3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶. ................................................................
....................................................................................
.................................................... 80
4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c.
kh¸c.................................
c. ................................................................
........................................................................
........................................ 81
C©u bÞ ®éng ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ .......... 84
..........................................
................................
§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n................................................................
nh©n................................
................................ ...................... 87
......................................................
................................
1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× ............................... 87
2. To have/to get sth done = §−a c¸i g× ®i lµm ................................................................
........................................................................
........................................ 87
3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth ................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 87
4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao................................
sao................................................................
.............................................................................
............................................. 87
5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao ................................................................
.....................................................................
..................................... 87
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Updatesofts.com Ebook Team
6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g×............................
g× ............................ 88
7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm
lµm g× ................................................................
........................................................................
........................................ 88
8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt ................................................................
................................................................................................
...............................................................................
............................................... 88
C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ ................................ ............................... 89
...............................................................
1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ................................................................
.............................................................................
............................................. 89
2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô ................................................................
..............................................................................
.............................................. 89
3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ................................................................
...........................................................................................
........................................................... 89
4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô ................................................................
.........................................................................................
......................................................... 89
5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc.................................
buéc.................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 90
1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc. ............................................................................................................90
2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc ...................................................................................................90
6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy
phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô .......................................
....................................... 90
7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ........................... 91
8. Whose = cña ng−êi mµ, cña con mµ. ................................................................
..................................................................................
.................................................. 91
9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô ................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................
.................................. 91
C¸ch sö dông P1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ..............................................................
.............................................................. 93
10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ. ................................................................
................................................................................
................................................ 93
11. P1 ®−îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi................................
dµi ................................................................
........................................................................
........................................ 94
C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh .................................. 95
(To have + P2) ................................
Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that ................................ ........................................
................................................................
................................ ........ 96
1. That dïng víi t− c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng)
(r»ng) ................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 96
2. MÖnh ®Ò that ................................................................
................................................................................................
......................................................................................
...................................................... 96
C©u gi¶ ®Þnh ................................................................
®Þnh................................
................................ ................................ ..........................................
................................................................
................................ .......... 98
1. Dïng víi would rather
rather that ................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................
.................................. 98
2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ. ................................................................
................................................................................................
...............................................................................
............................................... 98
3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ. ................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................................
................................................. 98
4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c ................................................................
...................................................................
................................... 99
5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time ................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................100
...............100
Lèi nãi bao hµm................................................................
hµm................................
................................ ................................ ...................................
................................................................
................................ ... 102
1. Not only ..... but also................................
also ................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................102
..........102
2. As well as: Còng nh−................................
nh− ................................................................
................................................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................102
.........102
3. Both ..... and................................
and ................................................................
................................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................103
......................103
C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how. ................................................................
................................................................
...................................
... 104
MÖnh ®Ò nh−îng bé ................................................................
................................................................
............................................................
............................ 105
1. Despite/Inspite
Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp ................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................105
.............................105
2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu ................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................105
.........105
3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a
n÷a th× .... .............................................
.............................................105
.............105
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4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ................................105
................................105
Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn ................................ ..........................................
................................................................
................................ .......... 106
Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c ................................................................
kh¸c................................
................................ .........................................
................................ ......... 108
Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ ................................................................
tõ................................
................................ ..................................................
................................ .................. 109
C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell ................................ .................................................
................................................................
................................ ................. 111
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng one vµ you ................................ ...............................................
................................................................
................................ ............... 112
Tõ ®i tr−íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu ................................ .......................................................
................................................................
................................ ....................... 113
....................................................
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô ................................ .................... 114
Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ................................................................
tõ................................
................................ ......................................................
................................ ...................... 117
1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-
1(V-ing) ®−îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau: ..............117
..............117
2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-
(V-ed) ®−îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:
sau:..............
..............117
..............117
C©u thõa ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ .............................................
................................ ............. 118
CÊu tróc c©u song song ................................................................
song................................
................................ .......................................................
................................ ....................... 119
Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ................................................................
tiÕp................................
................................ .............................................
................................ ............. 120
1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp ................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................120
............................120
§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ........................................................
tiÕp................................
................................ ........................ 122
Sù ®¶o ng−îc phã tõ ................................ ...........................................................
................................................................
................................ ........................... 123
1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u ...............................................................
...............................................................123
...............................123
C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµ ph¸p.............................
bµii ng÷ ph¸p ............................. 126
1. KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm ................................................................
........................................................................
........................................126
........126
2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh r−êm rµ: ................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................126
.....126
3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®−îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña bµi,
®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ. ................................................................
................................................................................................
........................................................................
........................................127
........127
4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®−îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui
chuÈn ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................127
.........127
Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn ................................................................
lÉn................................
................................ ...................................................
................................ ................... 128
mét
Phô lôc: m .................................................
ét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c: ................................ ................. 130
Giíi tõ ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ .................................................
................................ ................. 133
Ng÷ ®éng tõ ................................ ................................................................
................................................................
................................ ........................................
................................ ........ 136
Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc ................................................................
®äc................................
................................ .... 138
....................................
................................
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Updatesofts.com Ebook Team
Grammar Review
Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y
SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER
(OBJECT)
DIRECT INDIRECT
SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ,
song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm
chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ ®éng tõ nªn chóng liªn quan
®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc
®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (Count noun/ Non -
count noun)

Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc: Dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè
nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®−îc víi "a" vµ "the".
"the"

Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc: Kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã
h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®−îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong
mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.

Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh− nhau chØ ph©n biÖt
b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a"
Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water ...
®èi khi ®−îc dïng nh− c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c
nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.
Ex: water -> waters (N−íc -> nh÷ng vòng n−íc)

Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh−ng
khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc.
Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)

B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®−îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ
kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.

ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc lµ hÕt søc quan träng
vµ th−êng lµ b−íc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.
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Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"

Dïng "an" tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:
o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.
o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.
o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an an heir/ an hour)
o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an an S.O.S/ an M.P)
o L−u ý: §øng tr−íc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a a
university/
university/ a uniform)

Dïng "a" tr−íc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.

§−îc dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/ tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc
®iÓm hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.

Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh nh−: a lot of/ a great deal
deal
of/ a couple/ a dozen.

Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh th−êng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh−
a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.

Dïng tr−íc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo
and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi
viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa
ngµy).

Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh− 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers
an hour,
hour, 4 times a day.

Dïng tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/
such a long life.

A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)
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Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"

Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ ®· ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc
®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.

The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ
Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.
only
Ex: The only way, the best day.

Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s

The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman

Tr−íc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt
Ex: She is in the (= her) garden

The + danh tõ sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt
Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)
L−u ý: Nh−ng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ng−êi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®−îc
dïng "the"
the".
the"
Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ng−êi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt
nµy)

Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh
trong x· héi.
Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc
cao cÊp

The + adj: T−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm ng−êi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®−îc
phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ
vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very
hard in their moving

The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö
Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic

The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ
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used as adjective
Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole
(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)
Ex: Ex: The East End of London
(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)
*Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng THE tr−íc c¸c tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i liÒn víi tªn
ch©u lôc hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North America...

The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp x−íng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng
Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.

The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu.
Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµ
Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children

Dïng tr−íc tªn hä cña mét ng−êi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ng−êi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng
ng−êi trïng tªn.

Kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ c¸c
tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning
Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

Kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc mét sè danh tõ nh− home, bed, church, court,
jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c
®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra
khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh.
Ex: Students go to school everyday.
Ex: The patient was released from hospital.

Nh−ng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i
dïng "the".
Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.
Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork
*L−u ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi THE:
Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).
Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).

Mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
• Go to work = Go to the office.
• To be at work
• To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ)
• To be in office (®−¬ng nhiÖm) <> To be out of office (§· m·n nhiÖm)
• Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh− nh÷ng thñy thñ)
• Go to the sea = ra biÓn, th−êng ®Ó nghØ
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• To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn
• To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh.
• go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi
town lµ cña ng−êi nãi.
B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®iÓn
h×nh
Cã "The" Kh«ng "The"

Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng,
Tr−íc tªn mét hå
s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå (ë Ex: Lake Geneva
sè nhiÒu)
Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean,
the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes

Tr−íc tªn mét ngän nói

Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói Ex: Mount Vesuvius
Ex: The Rocky Mountains
Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c

Tr−íc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ duy nhÊt chßm sao
trong vò trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi Ex:: Venus, Mars
Ex
Ex: The earth, the moon

Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy nÕu tr−íc

The schools, colleges, universities nã lµ mét tªn riªng
+ of + danh tõ riªng Ex: Stetson University
Ex: The University of Florida

Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét

the + sè thø tù + danh tõ sè ®Õm
Ex: The third chapter. Ex: Chapter three

Tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu
vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã
ph¶i ®−îc tÝnh tõ ho¸
Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese
Vietnamese
economy)

Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc më ®Çu b»ng

Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã hai tõ trë lªn New, mét tÝnh tõ chØ h−íng hoÆc
(ngo¹i trõ Great Britain) chØ cã mét tõ
Ex: The United States Ex: New Zealand, North Korean,
France

Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi lµ mét
Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu
quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o bang, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn
Ex: The Philipines Ex: Europe, Florida

Tr−íc tªn c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn
lÞch sö
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Ex: The Constitution, The Magna
Carta

Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu
sè
Ex: the Indians
Tr−íc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ thao nµo
Ex: baseball, basketball

Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ trõu t−îng (trõ
mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt)
Ex: freedom, happiness

Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung
Ex: mathematics

Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ
Ex: The Solid matter Physics
Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt
Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving
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C¸ch sö dông another vµ other.
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc

another + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt =
mét c¸i n÷a, mét c¸i kh¸c, mét
ng−êi n÷a, mét ng−êi kh¸c.

the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt
= c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), ng−êi
cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

Other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè
Other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc =
nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i mét chót n÷a.
kh¸c, mÊy ng−êi n÷a, mÊy ng−êi
kh¸c.
The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm

The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè ®−îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i.
nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét
bé), nh÷ng ng−êi cßn l¹i (cña mét
nhãm).
Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)

Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ
ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn th× ë d−íi chØ cÇn dïng Another
hoÆc other nh− mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

NÕu danh tõ ®−îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu: Other -> Others.
Others Kh«ng bao giê
®−îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®−îc dïng mét trong hai.

Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ng−êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng
sau another hoÆc other.
other
L−u ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nh−ng These vµ Those kh«ng ®−îc
dïng víi ones.
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C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few

Little + danh tõ kh«ng
kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh h−íng
phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries

Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh
h−íng phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading

A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.

Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë phÝa
d−íi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh− mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.

Quite a few (®Õm ®−îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc) = Quite a lot (c¶
hai) = rÊt nhiÒu.
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Së h÷u c¸ch

The noun's + noun: ChØ ®−îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆc ®éng
vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt.
Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.

§èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy
Ex: The students' book.

Nh−ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn
ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing

NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn
danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: Paul and Peter's room.

§èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn
dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch vµ ph¶i
thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tr−íc.
Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]
Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

Nã ®−îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)
Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90
The 21st century's prospects.

Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa thu. NÕu dïng
së h÷u c¸ch cho hai mïa nµy th× ng−êi viÕt ®· nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy
nay ng−êi ta dïng c¸c mïa trong n¨m nh− mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ
®»ng sau, Ýt dïng së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu.

Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia
Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food.

§èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc tr−ng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi
dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's
§Æc biÖt lµ c¸c tiÖm ¨n: Antonio's
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Dïng tr−íc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè thµnh ng÷
Ex: a stone's throw from ...(C¸ch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÐm).
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Verb

§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh Chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:
Qu¸ khø (Past)
HiÖn t¹i (Present)
T−¬ng lai (Future)

Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia thµnh nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó diÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña
hµnh ®éng.
1) Present
1) Simple Present

Khi chia ®éng tõ thêi nµy ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã "s"
s" ë tËn cïng vµ ©m dã
ph¶i ®−îc ®äc lªn
Ex: He walks.
Ex: She watches TV

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng th−êng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng
x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ thêi gian, hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh qui luËt.

Th−êng dïng víi mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− today, today present day,
day
nowadays.
nowadays

§Æc biÖt nã dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt nh−: always,
always sometimes,
sometimes
often,
often every + thêi gian...
gian
2) Present
Present Progressive (be + V-
V-ing)

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña
hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm nµy ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng mét sè phã tõ nh− :
now,
now rightnow,
rightnow at this moment.
moment

Dïng thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇn, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong v¨n nãi.

§Æc biÖt l−u ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau kh«ng ®−îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï
bÊt cø thêi nµo khi chóng lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ tÜnh diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i c¶m gi¸c
cña ho¹t ®éng tinh thÇn hoÆc tÝnh chÊt cña sù vËt , sù viÖc. Nh−ng khi
chóng quay sang h−íng déng tõ hµnh ®éng th× chóng l¹i ®−îc phÐp dïng ë
thÓ tiÕp diÔn.
know believe hear see smell wish
understand hate love like want
sound
have need appear seem taste
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own
Ex: He has a lot of books.
He is having dinner now. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: ¨n tèi)
I think they will come in time
I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: §ang nghÜ vÒ)
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn
t¹i vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn kh«ng ®−îc x¸c
®Þnh trong c©u.

ChØ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i
Ex: George has seen this movie three time.

Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ SINCE/FOR+time

Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, l−u ý r»ng already cã thÓ ®øng
ngay sau have vµ còng cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh, yet th−êng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Dïng víi yet trong c©u nghi vÊn
Ex: Have you written your reports yet?

Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ë phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have nh−ng
ph¶i thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i vµ PII trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã
to.
to
Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

Dïng víi now that...
that (giê ®©y khi mµ...)
Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...

Dïng víi mét sè phã tõ nh− till now,
now untill now,
now so far (cho ®Õn giê). Nh÷ng
thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.

Dïng víi recently,
recently lately (gÇn ®©y) nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu
hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Ex: I have not seen him recently.

Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Ex: I have seen him before.
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-
V-ing

Dïng gièng hÖt nh− Present Perfect nh−ng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊn døt ë
hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn, th−êng xuyªn dïng víi since,
since for + time

Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a hai thêi:
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Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive

Hµnh ®éng ®· chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i do
Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÔn ë hiÖn t¹i,
®ã ®· cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. cã kh¶ n¨ng lan tíi t−¬ng lai do ®ã
Ex: I've waited you for half an hour (and
Ex kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.
now I stop working because you didn't Ex: I've been waiting for you for half an
come). hour (and now I'm still waiting, hoping
that you'll come)
2. Past
1) Simple Past: V-
V-ed

Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng Simple Past vµ Past Perfect
b×nh th−êng còng nh− ®Æc biÖt. Ng−êi Anh −a dïng Simple past chia b×nh
th−êng vµ P2 ®Æc biÖt lµm adj hoÆc trong d¹ng bÞ ®éng
Ex: To light
lighted/lighted:
lighted/lighted He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.
lit/ lit:
lit From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

Nã diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra ®øt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn
quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm trong c©u ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt b»ng mét sè
c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− yesterday,
yesterday at that moment,
moment last + time
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-
V-ing

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt
®Þnh cña qu¸ khø. Thêi diÓm ®ã ®−îc diÔn ®¹t cô thÓ = ngµy, giê.

Nã dông kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian lµ
when vµ while,
while ®Ó chØ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang tiÕp diÔn trong qu¸ khø th× mét
hµnh ®éng kh¸c chen ngang vµo (khi ®ang... th× bçng...).
Subject + Simple Past – while - Subject + Past
Progressive
Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car
Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple
Past1
Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head

MÖnh ®Ò cã when & while cã thÓ ®øng bÊt k× n¬i nµo trong c©u nh−ng sau
when ph¶i lµ simple past vµ sau while ph¶i lµ Past Progressive.
Progressive

Nã diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.
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