Luận văn;luận văn thạc sĩ;luận án tiến sĩ;tài liệu; khóa luận tốt nghiệp; báo cáo khoa học;đồ án tốt nghiệp;khoán luận 22052015122919

Introduction
HOW SHOULD YOU INTERPRET YOUR SCORES?
Test 1
In the Answer key at the end of the each set of Listening and Reading answers you will find
a chart which will help you assess if, on the basis of your practice test results, you are ready
to take the IELTS exam.
In interpreting your score, there are a number of points you should bear in mind.
Your performance in the real IELTS test will be reported in two ways: there will be a Band
Score from 1 to 9 for each of the modules and an Overall Band Score from 1 to 9, which is SECTION 1 Questions 1-10
the average of your scores in the four modules.
However, institutions considering your application are advised to look at both the Overall Questions 1-5
Band and the Bands for each module. They do this in order to see if you have the language
skills needed for a particular course of study. For example, if your course has a lot of Complete the form below.
reading and writing, but no lectures, listening comprehension might be less important and a Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.
score of 5 in Listening might be acceptable if the Overall Band Score was 7. However, for a
course where there are lots of lectures and spoken instructions, a score of 5 in Listening
might be unacceptable even though the Overall Band Score was 7.
Once you have marked your papers you should have some idea of whether your Listening
and Reading skills are good enough for you to try the real IELTS test. If you did well
VIDEO LIBRARY
enough in one module but not in others, you will have to decide for yourself whether you are
ready to take the proper test yet.
The Practice Tests have been checked so that they are about the same level of difficulty as
APPLICATION FORM
the real IELTS test. However, we cannot guarantee that your score in the Practice Test
papers will be reflected in the real IELTS test. The Practice Tests can only give you an idea of EXAMPLE ANSWER
your possible future performance and it is ultimately up to you to make decisions based on
your score. Surname Jones
Different institutions accept different IELTS scores for different types of courses. We have
based our recommendations on the average scores which the majority of institutions accept.
The institution to which you are applying may, of course, require a higher or lower score First names: Louise Cynthia
than most other institutions.
Sample answers or model answers are provided for the Writing tasks. The sample answers Address: Apartment 1,72 (1) Street
were written by IELTS candidates; each answer has been given a band score and the
candidate's performance is described. Please note that the examiner's guidelines for marking Highbridge
the Writing scripts are very detailed. There are many different ways a candidate may achieve
a particular band score. The model answers were written by an examiner as examples of very
good answers, but it is important to understand that they are just one example out of many Post code: (2)
possible approaches.
Telephone: 9835 6712 (home)
(3) (work)
Driver's
licence number: (4)
Date of birth: Day: 25th Month: (5) Year: 1977
Questions 6—8 SECTION 2 Questions 11-20
Circle THREE letters A-F. Questions 11-13
What types of films does Louise like?
Complete the notes below
A Action Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
B Comedies
C Musicals
D Romance
E Westerns Expedition Across Attora Mountains
F Wildlife Leader: Charles Owen
Prepared a (11) for the trip
Questions 9 and 10 Total length of trip (12)
Climbed highest peak in (13)
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
9 How much does it cost to join the library?
Questions 14 and 15
10 When will Louise's card be ready? Circle the correct letters A-C.
14 What took the group by surprise?
A the amount of rain
B the number of possible routes
C the length of the journey
15 How did Charles feel about having to change routes?
A He reluctantly accepted it.
B He was irritated by the diversion.
C It made no difference to his enjoyment.
Questions 16—18
Circle THREE letters A-F.
What does Charles say about his friends?
A He met them at one stage on the trip.
B They kept all their meeting arrangements.
C One of them helped arrange the transport.
D One of them owned the hotel they stayed in.
E Some of them travelled with him.
F Only one group lasted the 96 days.
Questions 19 and 20 SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Circle TWO letters A-E. Questions 21-25
What does Charles say about the donkeys?
Complete the table below.
A He rode them when he was tired. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
B He named them after places.
C One of them died.
D They behaved unpredictably. TIM JANE
E They were very small.
Day of arrival Sunday (21)
Subject History (22)
Number of books to read (23) (24)
Day of first lecture Tuesday (25)
Questions 26-30
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
26 What is Jane's study strategy in lectures?
27 What is Tim's study strategy for reading?
28 What is the subject of Tim's first lecture?
29 What is the title of Tim's first essay?
30 What is the subject of Jane's first essay?
SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 36-40
Questions 31-35 Complete the table below.
Write the appropriate letters A-G against Questions 36-40.
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Job Main role
Type of course: Physical Fitness Instructor (36)
Course duration and level Entry requirements
Sports Administrator (37)
Sports Psychologist (38)
Example (39)
Physical Education Teacher
Physical Fitness Instructor Six-month certificate None
Recreation Officer (40)
Sports Administrator (31) (32)
MAIN ROLES
in sports administration
A the coaching of teams
B the support of elite athletes
Sports Psychologist (33) Degree in psychology
C guidance of ordinary individuals
D community health
Physical Education Four-year degree in (34) . E the treatment of injuries
Teacher education
F arranging matches and venues
G the rounded development of children
Recreation Officer (35) None
that won the contract for the airport's runways and its are temporary; they will be
island opted for a more taxiways. The sand dredged removed when the airport is
aggressive approach. It from the waters will also be finished.
assembled the worlds largest used to provide a two-metre The airport, though, is here
capping layer over the granite to stay. To protect it, the new
READING PASSAGE 1 fleet of dredgers, which sucked
platform. This makes it easier coastline is being bolstered
up l50m cubic metres of clay
and mud and dumped it in for utilities to dig trenches - with a formidable twelve
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 deeper waters. At the same granite is unyielding stuff. Most kilometres of sea defences. The
below. time, sand was dredged from of the terminal buildings will brunt of a typhoon will be
the waters and piled on top of be placed above the site of the deflected by the neighbouring
the layer of stiff clay that the existing island. Only a limited island of Lantau; the sea walls
massive dredging had laid bare. amount of pile-driving is should guard against the rest.
AIRPORTS ON WATER Nor was the sand the only
thing used. The original granite
island which had hills up to 120
metres high was drilled and
blasted into boulders no bigger
needed to support building
foundations above softer areas.
The completed island will be
six to seven metres above sea
level. In all, 350m cubic metres
Gentler but more persistent
bad weather - the downpours
of the summer monsoon - is
also being taken into account.
A mat-like material called
than two metres in diameter. of material will have been geotextile is being laid across
River deltas are difficult places The usual way to reclaim the seabed to strengthen it This provided 70m cubic moved. And much of it, like the the island to separate the rock
for map makers. The river land is to pile sand rock on to before the landfill was piled on metres of granite to add to the overloads, has to be moved and sand layers. That will stop
builds them up, the sea wears the seabed. When the seabed top, in an attempt to slow the island's foundations. Because several times before reaching its sand particles from being
them down; their outlines are oozes with mud, this is rather process; but this has not been as the heap of boulders does not final resting place. For example, washed into the rock voids, and
always changing. The changes like placing a textbook on a wet effective as had been hoped. To fill the space perfectly, this there has to be a motorway so causing further settlement
in China's Pearl River delta, sponge: the weight squeezes the cope with settlement, Kansai's represents the equivalent of capable of carrying 150-tonne This island is being built never
however, are more dramatic water out, causing both water giant terminal is supported on 105m cubic metres of landfill. dump-trucks; and there has to to be sunk.
than these natural fluctuations. and sponge to settle lower. The 900 pillars. Each of them can Most of the rock will become be a raised area for the 15,000
An island six kilometres long settlement is rarely even: be individually jacked up, the foundations for the construction workers. These
and with a total area of 1248 different parts sink at different allowing wedges to be added
hectares is being created there. rates. So buildings, pipes, roads underneath. That is meant to
And the civil engineers are as and so on tend to buckle and keep the building level. But it
interested in performance as in crack. You can engineer around could be a tricky task.
speed and size. This is a bit of these problems, or you can Conditions are different at
the delta that they want to engineer them out. Kansai took Chek Lap Kok. There was
endure. the first approach; Chek some land there to begin with,
The new island of Chek Lap Lap Kok is taking the second. the original little island of
Kok, the site of Hong Kong's The differences are both Chek Lap Kok and a smaller
new airport, is 83% complete. political and geological. Kansai outcrop called Lam Chau.
The giant dumper trucks was supposed to be built just Between them, these two
rumbling across it will have one kilometre offshore, where outcrops of hard, weathered
finished their job by the middle the seabed is quite solid. granite make up a quarter of
of this year and the airport Fishermen protested, and the the new island's surface area.
itself will be built at a similarly site was shifted a further five Unfortunately, between the
breakneck pace. kilometres. That put it in islands there was a layer of soft
As Chek Lap Kok rises, deeper water (around 20 mud, 27 metres thick in places.
however, another new Asian metres) and above a seabed that According to Frans
island is sinking back into the consisted of 20 metres of soft Uiterwijk, a Dutchman who is
sea. This is a 520-hectare island alluvial silt and mud deposits. the project's reclamation
built in Osaka Bay, Japan, that Worse, below it was a not-very- director, it would have been
serves as the platform for the firm glacial deposit hundreds of possible to leave this mud
new Kansai airport. Chek Lap metres thick. below the reclaimed land, and
Kok was built in a different The Kansai builders to deal with the resulting
way, and thus hopes to avoid recognised that settlement was settlement by the Kansai
the same sinking fate. inevitable. Sand was driven into method. But the consortium
Questions 1—5 Questions 6-9
Classify the following statements as applying to Complete the labels on Diagram B below.
A Chek Lap Kok airport only Choose your answers from the box below the diagram and write them in boxes 6-9 on your
B Kansai airport only answer sheet.
C Both airports
NB There are more words/phrases than spaces, so you will not use them all.
Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
DIAGRAM A
Example Answer Coses-section of the original area around Chek Lap Kok before work began
built on a man-made island C
1 having an area of over 1000 hectares
2 built in a river delta
3 built in the open sea
4 built by reclaiming land
5 built using conventional methods of reclamation
DIAGRAM B
Cross-section of the same area at the time the article was written
granite runways and taxiways
mud water
terminal building site stiff clay
sand
Questions 10-13 READlNG PASSAGE 2
Complete the summary below. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2
Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 10-13 on your
answer sheet. on the following pages.
NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them all. Questions 14-18
Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below
Answer Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
When the new Chek Lap Kok airport has been completed, Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
the raised area and the ... (Example) ... will be removed.'. motorway
SB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
The island will be partially protected from storms by ... (10)... and List of Headings
also by ... (11) ... . Further settlement caused by ... (12) ... will be i Ottawa International Conference on
prevented by the use of ... (13).... Health Promotion
ii Holistic approach to health
iii The primary importance of environmental
construction workers coastline dump-trucks factors
geotextile Lantau Island motorway iv Healthy lifestyles approach to health
rainfall rock and sand rock voids v Changes in concepts of health in Western
society
sea walls typhoons
vi Prevention of diseases and illness
vii Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
viii Definition of health in medical terms
ix Socio-ecological view of health
Example Answer
Paragraph A *
14 Paragraph B
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
18 Paragraph F
Changing our
E
Understanding of Health During 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from
seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors
still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social,
A economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad
groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International
is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people
health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways. from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are
B peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable
For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity.
sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in
mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)
breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more
absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing
view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include
prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource
providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing. depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic
C and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not
operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting
In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and
and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them
medically oriented view of health. They stated that 'health is a complete state
which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological
of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of
view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong
disease' (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically
social, economic and environmental focus.
(mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
F
D At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of
emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,
Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of
smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health promotion it states that:
health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion Good health is a major resource for social, economic and
programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours personal development and an important dimension of
and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural,
worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all
poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)
conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion
largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in
approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which
affecting the health of people. guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of 'enabling
people to increase control over and to improve their health' (WHO, 1986).
Questions 19-22
Reading passage 3
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which arc based on Reading Passage 3
below
19 In which year did the World Health Organisation define health in terms of mental,
20
physical and social well-being?
Which members of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach to
CHILDREN'S THINKING
health?
21 Name the three broad areas which relate to people's health, according to the socio- One of the most eminent of The mystery at first appears to
ecological view of health. psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that deepen when we learn, from another
the essence of reasoning lies in the psychologist, Michael Cole, and his
22 During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health? putting together of two 'behaviour colleagues, that adults in an African
segments' in some novel way, never culture apparently cannot do the
actually performed before, so as to Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, on
Questions 23-27 reach a goal. the other hand, when we learn that a
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard task was devised which was strictly
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2? and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for analogous to the Kendlers' one but
In boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet write children that was explicitly based on much easier for the African males to
Clark Hull's principles. The children handle.
were given the task of learning to Instead of the button-pressing
YES if the statement agrees with the information operate a machine so as to get a toy. In machine, Cole used a locked box and
NO if the statement contradicts the information order to succeed they had to go through two differently coloured match-boxes,
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passsage a two-stage sequence. The children one of which contained a key that
were trained on each stage separately. would open the box. Notice that there
23 Doctors have been instrumental in improving living standards in Western society. The stages consisted merely of pressing are still two behaviour segments —
the correct one of two buttons to get a 'open the right match-box to get the key'
24 The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health awareness marble; and of inserting the marble into and 'use the key to open the box' - so
programs. a small hole to release the toy. the task seems formally to be the same.
The Kendlers found that the children But psychologically it is quite different,
25 The socio-ecological view of health recognises that lifestyle habits and the provision of could learn the separate bits readily Now the subject is dealing not with a
adequate health care are critical factors governing health.
enough. Given the task of getting a strange machine but with familiar
marble by pressing the button they meaningful objects; and it is clear to
could get the marble; given the task of him what he is meant to do. It then
26 The principles of the Ottawa Charter are considered to be out of date in the 1990s. getting a toy when a marble was handed turns out that the difficulty of
to them, they could use the marble. (All 'integration' is greatly reduced,
27 In recent years a number of additional countries have subscribed to the Ottawa they had to do was put it in a hole.) But Recent work by Simon Hewson is of
Charter. they did not for the most part great interest here for it shows that, for
'integrate', to use the Kendlers' young children, too, the difficulty lies
terminology. They did not press the not in the inferential processes which
button to get the marble and then the task demands, but in certain
proceed without further help to use the perplexing features of the apparatus
marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers and the procedure. When these are
concluded that they were incapable of changed in ways which do not at all
deductive reasoning. affect the inferential nature of the
problem, then five-year-old children size will do just as well? Yet he must Questions 28-35
solve the problem as well as college assume that if he is to solve the
students did in the Kendlers' own problem. Hewson made the functional Classify the following descriptions as a referring
experiments. equivalence of different marbles clear
Hewson made two crucial changes. by playing a 'swapping game' with the
First, he replaced the button-pressing children.
mechanism in the side panels by The two modifications together Clark Hull CH
drawers in these panels which the child produced a jump in success rates from Howard and Tracy Kendler HTK
could open and shut. This took away 30 per cent to 90 per cent for five-year- Micheal Cole and colleagues MC
the mystery from the first stage of olds and from 35 per cent to 72.5 per Write the appropriate letters in boxes 28-35 on your answer sheet.
training. Then he helped the child to cent for four-year-olds. For three-year-
understand that there was no 'magic' olds, for reasons that are still in need of NB You may use any answer more than once.
about the specific marble which, during clarification, no improvement — rather a
the second stage of training, the slight drop in performance - resulted
experimenter handed to him so that he from the change. 28 is cited as famous in the field of psychology.
could pop it in the hole and get the We may conclude, then, that
reward. children experience very real difficulty 29 demonstrated that the two-stage experiment involving button-pressing and
A child understands nothing, after when faced with the Kendler inserting a marble into a hole poses problems for certain adults as well as children.
all, about how a marble put into a hole apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be
can open a little door. How is he to taken as proof that they are incapable of 30 devised an experiment that investigated deductive reasoning without the use of
know that any other marble of similar deductive reasoning. any marbles.
31 appears to have proved that a change in the apparatus dramatically improves the
performance of children of certain ages.
32 used a machine to measure inductive reasoning that replaced button-pressing with
drawer-opening.
33 experimented with things that the subjects might have been expected to encounter
in everyday life, rather than with a machine.
34 compared the performance of five-year-olds with college students, using the same
apparatus with both sets of subjects.
35 is cited as having demonstrated that earlier experiments into children's ability to
reason deductively may have led to the wrong conclusions.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet write
WRITING TASK 1
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information V should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc.) owned in
36 Howard and Tracey Kendler studied under Clark Hull. Britain from 1972 to 1983.
37 The Kendlers trained their subjects separately in the two stages of their experiment, but Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
not in how to integrate the two actions.
You should write at least 150 words.
38 Michael Cole and his colleagues demonstrated that adult performance on inductive
reasoning tasks depends on features of the apparatus and procedure. Consumer durables 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983
39 All Hewson's experiments used marbles of the same size. Percentage of
households with:
40 Hewson's modifications resulted in a higher success rate for children of all ages.
central heating 3? 43 48 52 55 59 60 64
television 93 95 96 96 97 97 97 98
video 18
vacuum cleaner 87 89 92 92 93 94 95
refrigerator 73 81 88 91 92 93 93 94
washing machine 66 68 71 75 74 78 79 80
dishwasher 3 3 4 4 5
telephone 42 50 54 60 67 75 76 77
WRITING TASK 2 SPEAKING
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the
following topic. The candidate is to find out as much information as possible about electronic mail.
"Fatherhood ought to be emphasised as much as motherhood. The idea that women are Candidate's cue card:
solely responsible for deciding whether or not to have babies leads on to the idea that they
are also responsible for bringing the children up."
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
ELECTRONIC MAIL
You should write at least 250 words. You are studying at a language school and have heard that students may obtain an
electronic mail (e-mail) address so that they can send and receive messages by
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with computer. The Examiner is the Student Services advisor.
examples and relevant evidence.
Ask the Examiner about: what e-mail is
cost
how to obtain an e-mail address
location of e-mail at school
equipment needed at home
courses on e-mail
information for the Examiner:
what e-mail is means by which to send messages from one
computer to another over the telephone lines
cost free for students at this language school
how to obtain an e-mail address complete an application form and return to
Student Services
location of e-mail at school in the independent learning centre or
computer laboratory
equipment needed at home a modem and a telephone line
courses on e-mail Friday afternoon classes throughout the year
Test2
Complete the form below.
WRITE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 INSURANCE
Questions 1 and 2
Circle the correct letters A-C.
APPLICATION FORM
Example
Name: Mr Gavin (7)
Gavin moved into his apartment...
A two days ago.
(B) two weeks ago. Address: (8) Biggins Street
C two months ago.
(9)
1 Gavin's apartment is located on the ...
Date of Birth: 12th November \QbO
A ground floor.
B second floor. Telephone: Home: 9&72 4 5 5 5
C third floor.
Nationality: (10)
2 The monthly rent for Gavin's apartment is ...
A $615.
B $650.
C $655.
Questions 3-6
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
ITEM VALUE •
(3) " $450
(4) $1,150
Watches $2,000
CDs and (5) $400
Total annual cost of insurance (6) $
SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 18-20
Question 11 Complete the notice below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Circle the correct letter A-D.
Smith House was originally built as ...
A a residential college.
B a family house.
C a university.
D an office block.
Questions 12-14
Complete the explanation of the room number.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
• No noise after 9 pm.
• Smoking only allowed on (18)
• No changes can be made to (19)
If you have any questions, ask the (20)
SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Questions 21-25 Write the appropriate letters A-C against questions 26-30.
Complete the table below. According to the speakers, in which situation are the following media most useful?
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. A individual children
B five or six children
C whole class
Forms of media Examples
Print • books Answer
• (21)
Pictures • (22)
26 tapes
Audio (listening) • CDs
• (23) 27 computers
Audio-visual • film 28 videos
• (24) 29 books
• videos
30 wall maps
Electronic (25)
flexibility during peak and quiet times to In addition, a program modelled on an
transfer employees to needed positions. For earlier project called 'Take Charge' was
example, when office staff are away on implemented. Essentially, Take Charge
holidays during quiet periods of the year, provides an effective feedback loop from
READING PASSAGE 1 employees in either food or beverage or
both customers and employees. Customer
housekeeping departments can temporarily comments, both positive and negative, are
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are bused on Reading Passage 1 below recorded by staff. These are collated
The most crucial way, however, of regularly to identify opportunities for
improving the labour cost structure at SAH improvement. Just as importantly,
was to find better, more productive ways of employees are requested to note down their
IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: providing customer service. SAH own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has
A CASE STUDY management concluded this would first set an expectation that employees will
submit at least three suggestions for every
require a process of 'benchmarking'. The
prime objective of the benchmarking process one they receive from a customer.)
Within Australia, Australian Hotels Inc employees who would fit in with its new Employee feedback is reviewed daily and
(AHI) operates nine hotels and employs over policies. In its advertisements, the hotel was to compare a range of service delivery
processes across a range of criteria using suggestions are implemented within 48
2000 permanent full-time staff, 300 stated a preference for people with some hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given
permanent part-time employees and 100 'service' experience in order to minimise teams made up of employees from different
departments within the hotel which for non-implementation. If suggestions
casual staff. One of its latest ventures, the traditional work practices being introduced require analysis or data collection, the Take
Sydney Airport hotel (SAH), opened in into the hotel. Over 7000 applicants filled in interacted with each other. This process
resulted in performance measures that Charge team has 30 days in which to address
March 1995. The hotel is the closest to application forms for the 120 jobs initially the issue and come up with
greatly enhanced SAH's ability to
Sydney Airport and is designed to provide offered at SAH. The balance of the positions recommendations.
improve productivity and quality.
the best available accommodation, food and at the hotel (30 management and 40 shift
beverage and meeting facilities in Sydney's leader positions) were predominantly filled The front office team discovered through Although quantitative evidence of AHI's
southern suburbs. Similar to many by transfers from other AHI properties. this project that a high proportion of AHI initiatives at SAH are limited at present,
international hotel chains, however, AHI has A series of tests and interviews were Club member reservations were incomplete. anecdotal evidence clearly suggests that
experienced difficulties in Australia in conducted with potential employees, which As a result, the service provided to these these practices are working. Indeed AHI is
guests was below the standard promised to progressively rolling out these initiatives in
providing long-term profits for hotel owners, eventually left 280 applicants competing for
them as part of their membership agreement. other hotels in Australia, whilst numerous
as a result of the country's high labour-cost the 120 advertised positions. After the final
Reducing the number of incomplete overseas visitors have come to see how the
structure. In order to develop an interview, potential recruits were divided
reservations greatly improved program works.
economically viable hotel organisation into three categories. Category A was for
guest perceptions of service.
model, AHI decided to implement some new applicants exhibiting strong leadership
policies and practices at SAH. qualities, Category C was for applicants
The first of the initiatives was an perceived to be followers, and Category B This article has been adapted and condensed from the article by R. Carter (1996), 'Implementing the cycle of
organisational structure with only three was for applicants with both leader and success: A case study of the Sheraton Pacific Division', Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 34(3): 111-23.
levels of management - compared to the follower qualities. Department heads and Names and other details have been changed and report findings may have been given a different emphasis from
the original. We are grateful to the author and Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources for allowing us to use the
traditional seven. Partly as a result of this shift leaders then composed prospective material in this way.
change, there are 25 per cent fewer teams using a combination of people from
management positions, enabling a all three categories. Once suitable teams
significant saving. This change also has were formed, offers of employment were
other implications. Communication, both up made to team members.
and down the organisation, has greatly Another major initiative by SAH was to
improved. Decision-making has been forced adopt a totally multi-skilled workforce.
down in many cases to front-line employees. Although there may be some limitations
As a result, guest requests are usually met with highly technical jobs such as cooking
without reference to a supervisor, improving or maintenance, wherever possible,
both customer and employee satisfaction. employees at SAH are able to work in a
The hotel also recognised that it would wide variety of positions. A multi-skilled
need a different approach to selecting workforce provides far greater management
Questions 1-5
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1 The high costs of running AHI's hotels are related to their ...
Questions 6-13
A management. Complete the following summary of the last four paragraphs of Reading Passage 1 using ONE
B size. OR TWO words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
C staff. Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.
D policies.
WHAT THEY DID AT SAH
2 SAH's new organisational structure requires ...
Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to
A 75% of the old management positions.
participate in a ... (6) ... exercise.
B 25% of the old management positions.
C 25% more management positions. The information collected was used to compare ... (7) ... processes
D 5% fewer management positions.
which, in turn, led to the development of ... (8) ... that would be used
3 The SAH's approach to organisational structure required changing practices in .. to increase the hotel's capacity to improve ... (9) ... as well as quality.
A industrial relations. Also, an older program known as ... (10) ... was introduced at SAH. In
B firing staff.
this p r o g r a m , . . . (11) ... is sought from customers and staff. Wherever
C hiring staff.
D marketing. possible ... (12) ... suggestions are implemented within 48 hours. Other
suggestions are investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to
4 The total number of jobs advertised at the SAH was ...
A 70. ...(13)....
B 120.
C 170.
D 280.
5 Categories A, B and C were used to select...
A front office staff.
B new teams.
C department heads.
D new managers.
READING PASSAGE 2
speaking countries were by no means failure to take account of the linguistic
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14—26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 exempt - although the widespread use of needs of the customer.
below. English as an alternative language made The changes in awareness have been
them less open to the charge of most marked in English-speaking
insularity. countries, where the realisation has
The discovery that language can be a give an impression of the size of the The criticism and publicity given to gradually dawned that by no means
barrier to communication is quickly problem — something that can come only this problem since the 1960s seems to everyone in the world knows English
made by all who travel, study, govern or from studies of the use or avoidance of have greatly improved the situation. well enough to negotiate in it. This is
sell. Whether the activity is tourism, foreign-language materials and contacts industrial training schemes have especially a problem when English is not
research, government, policing, business, in different communicative situations. In promoted an increase in linguistic and an official language of public
or data dissemination, the lack of a the English-speaking scientific world, for cultural awareness. Many firms now have administration, as in most parts of the
common language can severely impede example, surveys of books and their own translation services; to take just Far East, Russia, Eastern Europe, the
progress or can halt it altogether. documents consulted in libraries and one example in Britain, Rowntree Arab world, Latin America and French-
'Common language' here usually means other information agencies have shown Mackintosh now publish their speaking Africa. Even in cases where
a foreign language, but the same point that very little foreign-language material documents in six languages (English, foreign customers can speak English
applies in principle to any encounter is ever consulted. Library requests in the French, German, Dutch, Italian and quite well, it is often forgotten that they
with unfamiliar dialects or styles within a field of science and technology showed Xhosa). Some firms run part-time may not be able to understand it to the
single language. 'They don't talk the that only 13 per cent were for foreign language courses in the languages of the required level - bearing in mind the
same language' has a major metaphorical language periodicals. Studies of the countries with which they are most regional and social variation which
meaning alongside its literal one. sources cited in publications lead to a involved; some produce their own permeates speech and which can cause
Although communication problems of similar conclusion: the use of foreign- technical glossaries, to ensure major problems of listening
this kind must happen thousands of language sources is often found to be as consistency when material is being comprehension. In securing
translated. It is now much more readily understanding, how 'we' speak to 'them'
times each day, very few become public low as 10 per cent.
appreciated that marketing efforts can be is just as important, it appears, as how
knowledge. Publicity comes only when a The language barrier presents itself in
delayed, damaged, or disrupted by a 'they' speak to 'us'.
failure to communicate has major stark form to firms who wish to market
consequences, such as strikes, lost orders, their products in other countries. British
legal problems, or fatal accidents - even, industry, in particular, has in recent
at times, war. One reported instance of decades often been criticised for its
communication failure took place in linguistic insularity — for its assumption
1970, when several Americans ate a that foreign buyers will be happy to
species of poisonous mushroom. No communicate in English, and that
remedy was known, and two of the awareness of other languages is not
people died within days. A radio report therefore a priority. In the 1960s, over
of the case was heard by a chemist who two-thirds of British firms dealing with
knew of a treatment that had been • non-English-speaking customers were
successfully used in 1959 and published using English for outgoing
in 1963. Why had the American doctors correspondence; many had their sales
not heard of it seven years later? literature only in English; and as many as
Presumably because the report of the 40 per cent employed no-one able to
treatment had been published only in communicate in the customers'
journals written in European languages languages. A similar problem was
other than English. identified in other English-speaking
Several comparable cases have been countries, notably the USA, Australia
reported. But isolated examples do not and New Zealand. And non-English-
i
Questions 14-17
Complete each of the following statements (Questions 14-17) with words taken from Reading
Passage 2.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. Questions 21-24
LIST the four main ways in which British companies have tried to solve the problem of the
14 Language problems may come to the attention of the public when they have language barrier since the 1960s.
, such as fatal accidents or social problems. WRITE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet.
15 Evidence of the extent of the language barrier has been gained from
21
of materials used by scientists such as books and
periodicals. 22
24
16 An example of British linguistic insularity is the use of English for materials such as
Questions 25 and 26
17 An example of a part of the world where people may have difficulty in negotiating
English is Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
25 According to the writer, English-speaking people need to be aware that...
Questions 18-20
A some foreigners have never met an English-speaking person.
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet. B many foreigners have no desire to learn English.
C foreign languages may pose a greater problem in the future.
18 According to the passage, 'They don't talk the same language' (paragraph 1), can refer D English-speaking foreigners may have difficulty understanding English.
to problems in ...
26 A suitable title for this passage would be ...
A . understanding metaphor.
B learning foreign languages. A Overcoming the language barrier
C understanding dialect or style. B How to survive an English-speaking world
D dealing with technological change. C Global understanding - the key to personal progress
D The need for a common language
19 The case of the poisonous mushrooms (paragraph 2) suggests that American doctors .
A should pay more attention to radio reports.
B only read medical articles if they are in English.
C are sometimes unwilling to try foreign treatments.
D do not always communicate effectively with their patients.
20 According to the writer, the linguistic insularity of British businesses ...
A later spread to other countries.
B had a negative effect on their business.
C is not as bad now as it used to be in the past.
D made non-English-speaking companies turn to other markets.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3
on the following pages.
What Is a Port City?
Questions 27-30
The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people
and qoods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of land-sea exchange,
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G.
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E. and as a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports
Write the appropriate numbers (i-viii) in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. all produce a range of common urban characteristics which justify classifying port cities
toqether under a single generic label? Do they have enough in common to warrant
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all. distinguishing them from other kinds of cities ?
A A port must be distinguished from a harbour. They are two very different things. Most
ports have poor harbours, and many fine harbours see few ships. Harbour is a physical
List of Headings
concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a centre of land-sea
i A truly international environment exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sea-linked
ii Once a port city, always a port city foreland. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which
demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbours can be improved with breakwaters and
iii Good ports make huge profits
dredging if there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colombo are examples of
iv How the port changes a city's harbours expensively improved by enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters.
infrastructure
v Reasons for the decline of ports B Port cities become industrial, financial and service centres and political capitals
vi Relative significance of trade and service because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and
later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access,
industry
the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world's biggest cities, for example,
vii Ports and harbours London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta,
viii The demands of the oil industry Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports - that is, with land-sea exchange as
their major function - but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects
so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of
Example Answer places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.
Paragraph A vii C Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open
to the world. In it races, cultures, and ideas, as well as goods from a variety of places,
jostle, mix and enrich each other and the life of the city. The smell of the sea and the
27 Paragraph B
harbour, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple
links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm within their own
28 Paragraph C
urban areas.
29 Paragraph D D Sea ports have been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and
draught have increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically
30 Paragraph E and physically less accessible as a result. By-passed by most of their former enriching
flow of exchange, they have become cultural and economic backwaters or have
acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these are Charleston,
Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Galle, Melaka, Soochow, and a long list of earlier
prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America.