Cloud computing for dummies
- 339 trang
- file .pdf
spine=.672”
Enterprise Applications/General
g Eve ry thing Ea sier!™
Get your head into the clouds — Makin
learn what cloud computing is
and how to use it
Cloud Computing
Open the book and find:
There’s a lot more to cloud computing than you may realize.
This book takes you through the options, what they can
do for your company, how to choose the best approach
for your business, and how to build a strategy. You’ll learn
about managing and securing cloud services and get
• The characteristics of the cloud
• Important security issues and how
to handle them
• Cloud standards and best practices Cloud Computing
down-to-earth advice about planning your move to the • Efficiencies of the cloud
cloud.
• Questions to ask a potential cloud
• Get hold of the cloud — discover how the cloud differs from vendor
traditional hardware/software-based resources
• Groups that clarify, promote, and
• Techie nitty gritty — explore the technical foundation and maintain standards
evolution of the cloud
• How the cloud relates to SOA
• Show me the money — analyze how much a cloud data center
can save your company in power, labor, property, and other • How cloud users benefit from
expenses elasticity and scalability
• The cloud tour — examine the elements of the cloud and service
options for infrastructure, platform, and software
• Who’s in charge here? — learn about cloud management and
how governance is defined inside the cloud
• Risk and reward — recognize the assorted risks and how to Learn to:
determine acceptable risk levels • Recognize the benefits and risks of cloud
• Cloud security — understand how to plan for a secure and Go to Dummies.com ® services
compliant cloud environment for videos, step-by-step photos,
how-to articles, or to!
• Understand the business impact and the
• Plan for the plunge — create a detailed plan for implementation economics of the cloud
• Govern and manage your cloud
environment
• Develop your cloud services strategy
$29.99 US / $35.99 CN / £21.99 UK
Judith Hurwitz (President & CEO), Robin Bloor (Partner & Senior
Consultant), Marcia Kaufman (Partner & COO), and Fern Halper
(Partner & Senior Data Management Strategist) are executives at Hurwitz
ISBN 978-0-470-48470-8
Judith Hurwitz
& Associates, strategy consultants specializing in cloud computing,
Hurwitz
Robin Bloor
information and service management, and SOA. The team works with
industry leaders on strategy and planning. They are the authors of Service
Bloor Marcia Kaufman
Kaufman
Management For Dummies and Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies. Halper Fern Halper
spine=.672”
Get More and Do More at Dummies.com ®
Start with FREE Cheat Sheets
Cheat Sheets include
• Checklists
• Charts
• Common Instructions
• And Other Good Stuff!
To access the Cheat Sheet created specifically for this book, go to
www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/cloudcomputing
Get Smart at Dummies.com
Dummies.com makes your life easier with 1,000s
of answers on everything from removing wallpaper
to using the latest version of Windows.
Check out our
• Videos
• Illustrated Articles
• Step-by-Step Instructions
Plus, each month you can win valuable prizes by entering
our Dummies.com sweepstakes. *
Want a weekly dose of Dummies? Sign up for Newsletters on
• Digital Photography
• Microsoft Windows & Office
• Personal Finance & Investing
• Health & Wellness
• Computing, iPods & Cell Phones
• eBay
• Internet
• Food, Home & Garden
Find out “HOW” at Dummies.com
*Sweepstakes not currently available in all countries; visit Dummies.com for official rules.
Cloud
Computing
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
Cloud
Computing
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
by Judith Hurwitz, Robin Bloor,
Marcia Kaufman, and Dr. Fern Halper
Cloud Computing For Dummies®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit-
ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600.
Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://
www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the
Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything
Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/
or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated
with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO
REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF
THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITH-
OUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE
CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES
CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE
UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR
OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF
A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE
AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZA-
TION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE
OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES
THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT
MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS
WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND
WHEN IT IS READ.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care
Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938254
ISBN: 978-0-470-48470-8
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Authors
Judith Hurwitz is a technology strategist and thought leader. She is the
president of Hurwitz & Associates, a business technology strategy firm that
helps companies gain business benefit from their technology investments.
Her area of focus is on cloud computing and all the related distributed com-
puting technologies that enable the cloud. In 1992, she founded the Hurwitz
Group, a technology research group. She has worked in various corporations,
such as John Hancock, Apollo Computer, and Patricia Seybold’s Group. She
publishes a regular blog. Judith holds a BS and an MS degree from Boston
University. She is a coauthor of Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies,
Second Edition (Wiley), Information on Demand For Dummies (2009), Service
Management For Dummies (2009), and Collaboration For Dummies (2009).
Robin Bloor, a partner with Hurwitz & Associates, has been an IT consultant
and technology analyst for almost 20 years. He lived and worked in the U.K.
until 2002, founding the IT analysis company Bloor Research, which pub-
lished comparative technology reports that covered everything from com-
puter hardware architecture to e-commerce. Robin is the author of the U.K.
business bestseller, The Electronic B@zaar: From the Silk Road to the E-Road
(Nicholas Brealey Publishing), which analyzed and explained the field of
e-commerce. He is a coauthor of Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies,
Second Edition (Wiley) and Service Management For Dummies (2009).
Marcia Kaufman, a founding partner of Hurwitz & Associates, has 20 years
of experience in business strategy, industry research, and analytics. She has
written many industry white papers and publishes a regular technology blog.
Marcia has worked extensively on financial services industry modeling and
forecasting in various research environments, including Data Resources,
Inc. (DRI). Marcia holds an AB from Connecticut College in mathematics and
economics and an MBA from Boston University. Marcia is coauthor of Service
Oriented Architecture For Dummies, Second Edition (Wiley), Information on
Demand For Dummies(2009), Service Management For Dummies (2009), and
Collaboration For Dummies (2009).
Dr. Fern Halper, a partner with Hurwitz & Associates, has over 20 years of
experience in data analysis, business analysis, and strategy development.
Fern has published numerous articles on data and content management. She
has done extensive research, writing, and speaking on the topic of text ana-
lytics. She publishes a regular technology blog. She has held key positions at
AT&T Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies and directed strategy and
product line planning for Lucent’s Internet Software Unit. Fern received her
BA from Colgate University and her Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. Fern
is coauthor of Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies, Second Edition
(Wiley), Information on Demand For Dummies (2009), and Service Management
For Dummies (2009).
Dedications
Judith dedicates her part of the book to her family — her husband, Warren;
her children, Sara and David; and her mother, Elaine. She also dedicates this
book in memory of her father, David.
Robin dedicates his part of the book to Judy, for her encouragement, sup-
port, and advice.
Marcia dedicates her part of the book to her husband, Matthew; her daugh-
ters, Sara and Emily; and her parents, Larry and Gloria.
Fern dedicates her part of the book to her husband, Clay, and her daughters,
Katie and Lindsay. She also dedicates this book in memory of her parents,
Stanley and Phyllis.
Authors’ Acknowledgments
Amazon’s Jeff Barr; Bell Aliant’s Tony Lodge; CA’s Brian Bonazzoli, Nicole
Buffalino, Debra Cattani, Stephen Elliott, Jay Fry, Ajei Gopal, Joanne Moretti,
Roger Pilc, and John Swainson; Cisco’s William Scott; Citrix’s Ian Platt; Cloud
Camp’s David Nielson; Computer Sciences Corporation’s (CSC) Brian Boruff;
Desktone’s Jeff Fisher and Harry Ruda; Distributed Management Task Force’s
(DMTF) Winston Bumpus; EMC’s Chuck Hollis and Irene Mirageas; Good
Data’s Roman Stanek; GSK Pharmaceuticals’ Ivan Hislaire; HP’s Magdy Assem,
Russ Daniels, Cheryl Rose Hayden, Tom Hogan, Rebecca Lawson, Scott
McClellan, Joanne McMenoman, and Scott Pace; IBM’s Lee Ackerman, Ruthie
Amaru, Erich Clementi, Latha Colby, Teresa Cook, Jim Corgel, Dave Dworkin,
Leon Katznelson, Martha Leversuch, Dave Lindquist, Amy Loomis, Steve
Maher, Mike McCarthy, David Mitchell, Harold Moss, David Parker, Hamid
Pirahesh, Sean Poulley, John Simonds, Toby Sirota, Zarina Lam Stanford,
Lauren States, Tim Vincent, Marie Weeks, and David Yockelson; Intuit’s Anna
Lane, Bill Lucchini, and Angus Thomson; JBoss’s Aaron Darcy; MDot’s Mike
Kavis; Metro Health’s Bill Lewkowski; Microsoft’s Prashaut Ketkar, Niraj
Nagrani, Steve Sloan, and Mike Warner; National Institute of Standards and
Technology; Pervasive’s John Bernard, Kimberli Daugherty, David Inbar, Jim
Falgout, and Hollis Tibbetts; Platform Computing’s Randy Clark; RightScale’s
Michael Crandell; Salesforce’s Marc Benioff, Alex Chris, Ariel Kelman, and Bill
Lukini; Savvis’s Bryan Doerr; ServiceNow’s Rhett Glauser; Sisters of Mercy
Health System’s Jeff Bell and John Treadway; State Street Corporation’s
David Saul; THINKStrategies’s Jeff Kaplan; Virtual Bridges’s Jim Curtin and
Dan Perlman; VMware’s Dawn Giusti, Neena Joshi, Wendy Perilli, and Jiam
Zhen; Verizon’s Joe Crawford and Tim Gillen; Wavemaker’s Chris Keene;
WorkXpress’s Treff LaPlante; and 3tera’s Paul Brennan.
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments at http://dummies.custhelp.com. For
other comments, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, out-
side the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions and Editorial Composition Services
Project Editor: Tonya Maddox Cupp Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond
Development Editor: Linda Morris, Layout and Graphics: Ashley Chamberlain,
Tonya Maddox Cupp Joyce Haughey, Christine Williams
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman Proofreaders: John Greenough,
Technical Editor: Brenda Michelson Bonnie Mikkelson
Editorial Manager: Jodi Jensen Indexer: Sharon Shock
Editorial Assistant: Amanda Graham
Sr. Editorial Assistant: Cherie Case
Cartoons: Rich Tennant
(www.the5thwave.com)
Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies
Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher
Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director
Mary C. Corder, Editorial Director
Publishing for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher
Composition Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
Contents at a Glance
Introduction................................................................. 1
Part I: Introducing Cloud Computing.............................. 5
Chapter 1: Grasping the Fundamentals .......................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Discovering the Value of the Cloud for Business...................................... 17
Chapter 3: Getting Inside the Cloud............................................................................... 27
Chapter 4: Developing Your Cloud Strategy................................................................. 39
Part II: Understanding the Nature of the Cloud............. 47
Chapter 5: Seeing the Advantages of the Highly Scaled Data Center . ...................... 49
Chapter 6: Exploring the Technical Foundation for Scaling
Computer Systems...................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 7: Checking the Cloud’s Workload Strategy .................................................. 67
Chapter 8: Managing Data . ............................................................................................. 75
Chapter 9: Discovering Private and Hybrid Clouds..................................................... 87
Part III: Examining the Cloud Elements...................... 105
Chapter 10: Seeing Infrastructure as a Service........................................................... 107
Chapter 11: Exploring Platform as a Service............................................................... 119
Chapter 12: Using Software as a Service..................................................................... 137
Chapter 13: Understanding Massively Scaled Applications
and Business Processes .......................................................................................... 153
Chapter 14: Setting Some Standards ........................................................................... 161
Part IV: Managing the Cloud..................................... 171
Chapter 15: Managing and Securing Cloud Services.................................................. 173
Chapter 16: Governing the Cloud................................................................................. 187
Chapter 17: Virtualization and the Cloud.................................................................... 197
Chapter 18: Managing Desktops and Devices in the Cloud....................................... 209
Chapter 19: Service Oriented Architecture and the Cloud........................................ 221
Chapter 20: Managing the Cloud Environment........................................................... 231
Part V: Planning for the Cloud................................... 243
Chapter 21: Banking on Cloud Economics ................................................................. 245
Chapter 22: Starting Your Journey to the Cloud........................................................ 255
Part VI: The Part of Tens........................................... 265
Chapter 23: Ten (Plus One) Swell Cloud Computing Resources.............................. 267
Chapter 24: Ten Cloud Dos and Don’ts........................................................................ 271
Glossary........................................................................................................................... 275
Index....................................................................... 291
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................. 1
About This Book............................................................................................... 2
Foolish Assumptions........................................................................................ 2
How This Book Is Organized........................................................................... 2
Part I: Introducing Cloud Computing................................................... 3
Part II: Understanding the Nature
of the Cloud.......................................................................................... 3
Part III: Examining the Cloud Elements................................................ 3
Part IV: Managing the Cloud.................................................................. 3
Part V: Planning for the Cloud............................................................... 3
Part VI: The Part of Tens........................................................................ 3
Icons Used in This Book.................................................................................. 4
Where to Go from Here.................................................................................... 4
Part I: Introducing Cloud Computing............................... 5
Chapter 1: Grasping the Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Considering Perspectives................................................................................ 8
Computing on the Cloud.................................................................................. 8
Defining the Cloud............................................................................................ 9
Elasticity and scalability...................................................................... 10
Self-service provisioning...................................................................... 10
Application programming interfaces (APIs)...................................... 11
Billing and metering of services.......................................................... 11
Performance monitoring and measuring........................................... 12
Security.................................................................................................. 12
Comparing Cloud Providers with Traditional IT Service Providers........ 12
Addressing Problems..................................................................................... 13
Discovering the Business Drivers for Consuming Cloud Services........... 14
Supporting business agility................................................................. 15
Reducing capital expenditures........................................................... 15
Chapter 2: Discovering the Value of the Cloud for Business . . . . . . . 17
Modeling Services........................................................................................... 17
Understanding Infrastructure as a Service.................................................. 18
Exploring Platform as a Service.................................................................... 20
Seeing Software as a Service......................................................................... 21
Software as a Service modes............................................................... 22
Massively scaled Software as a Service............................................. 23
Economies of scale............................................................................... 23
Management and Administration................................................................. 24
xiv Cloud Computing For Dummies
Chapter 3: Getting Inside the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Feeling Sensational about Organization ..................................................... 27
Deciding on a strategy.......................................................................... 28
Coping with governance issues.......................................................... 28
Monitoring business processes.......................................................... 29
Managing IT costs................................................................................. 30
Administering Cloud Services....................................................................... 30
Service level agreements and monitoring......................................... 31
Support................................................................................................... 32
Billing and accounting.......................................................................... 32
Looking at the Technical Interface............................................................... 32
APIs and data transformations........................................................... 33
Data and application architecture...................................................... 33
Security in the cloud............................................................................ 34
Managing Cloud Resources........................................................................... 34
IT security.............................................................................................. 35
Performance management................................................................... 35
Provisioning........................................................................................... 36
Service management............................................................................ 37
Untangling Software Dependencies.............................................................. 37
Chapter 4: Developing Your Cloud Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Seeing the Many Aspects of Your Cloud Strategy...................................... 40
Questioning Your Company’s Strategy........................................................ 41
Assessing Where You Are Today................................................................. 42
How tangled is my computing environment?.................................... 42
What’s my data center environment?................................................ 42
What data supports my strategy? ..................................................... 43
Assessing Your Expense Structure ............................................................. 44
Checking Up on Rules and Governances..................................................... 44
Developing a Road Map................................................................................. 45
Part II: Understanding the Nature of the Cloud............. 47
Chapter 5: Seeing the Advantages of the Highly
Scaled Data Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Comparing Financial Damage: Traditional versus Cloud ......................... 50
Traditional data center........................................................................ 50
Cloud data center................................................................................. 51
Scaling the Cloud............................................................................................ 52
Comparing Traditional and Cloud Data Center Costs............................... 55
Examining labor costs and productivity............................................ 56
Wondering where you are................................................................... 56
Table of Contents xv
Chapter 6: Exploring the Technical Foundation for
Scaling Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Server-ing Up Some Hardware ..................................................................... 60
Tradition! versus clouds...................................................................... 60
Considering cloud hardware............................................................... 61
Open-source dynamic.......................................................................... 63
Economies of Scale......................................................................................... 63
Benefitting enormously........................................................................ 64
Optimizing otherwise........................................................................... 64
Keeping the Bottom Line in Mind................................................................. 65
Chapter 7: Checking the Cloud’s Workload Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Managing Workloads in the Cloud............................................................... 67
Thinking of workloads as well-planned services.............................. 68
Creating interfaces between containers............................................ 70
Discovering how XML fits in................................................................ 70
Using container workloads: Case study . .......................................... 71
Balancing Risk and Practical Models........................................................... 71
Testing Workloads in the Real World.......................................................... 73
Chapter 8: Managing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Declaring Data Types..................................................................................... 75
Securing Data in the Cloud........................................................................... 76
Data location in the cloud.................................................................... 77
Data control in the cloud..................................................................... 78
Securing data for transport in the cloud........................................... 79
Looking at Data, Scalability, and Cloud Services........................................ 81
Large-scale data processing................................................................ 81
Databases and data stores in the cloud............................................. 82
Data archiving....................................................................................... 84
Sorting Out Metadata Matters...................................................................... 84
Talking to Your Cloud Vendor about Data.................................................. 84
Chapter 9: Discovering Private and Hybrid Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Pining for Privacy........................................................................................... 88
Defining a private cloud....................................................................... 88
Comparing public, private, and hybrid.............................................. 89
Examining the Economics of the Private Cloud.......................................... 92
Assessing capital expenditures ......................................................... 92
Vendor private cloud offerings........................................................... 93
Offering Up Key Vendors............................................................................... 94
Services-led technology companies................................................... 95
Systems integrators companies.......................................................... 98
Technology enabler companies . ....................................................... 99
xvi Cloud Computing For Dummies
Part III: Examining the Cloud Elements....................... 105
Chapter 10: Seeing Infrastructure as a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Tracing IaaS to ISP ....................................................................................... 107
Renting (but not to own)................................................................... 108
Following the ISP pattern................................................................... 109
Exploring Amazon EC2: Case Study........................................................... 109
EC2 Compute Units . .......................................................................... 110
Platforms and storage........................................................................ 110
EC2 pricing........................................................................................... 112
EC2 customers.................................................................................... 112
Checking Out Other IaaS Companies......................................................... 113
Rackspace ........................................................................................... 113
GoGrid ................................................................................................. 114
Others................................................................................................... 114
Examining IaaS-Enabling Technology........................................................ 114
AppLogic.............................................................................................. 115
Eucalyptus........................................................................................... 115
Trusting the Cloud........................................................................................ 116
What Infrastructure as a Service Means to You....................................... 117
Chapter 11: Exploring Platform as a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Putting Platform as a Service on a Pedestal.............................................. 120
Integrated lifecycle platforms........................................................... 121
Anchored lifecycle platforms............................................................ 122
Enabling technologies as a platform................................................ 122
Getting Inside the Integrated Lifecycle Platform...................................... 122
Google App Engine.............................................................................. 123
Microsoft Azure................................................................................... 125
Getting Inside Anchored Lifecycle Platform as a Service........................ 127
Salesforce.com’s Force.com platform.............................................. 127
Intuit .................................................................................................... 130
LongJump ........................................................................................... 132
Enabling Technologies as a Platform......................................................... 133
Testing in the cloud............................................................................ 134
Service management for the cloud................................................... 134
Integration and configuration platforms.......................................... 134
Social network, framework, and portal platforms.......................... 135
Chapter 12: Using Software as a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
SalesForce.com’s Approach to Evolving Software as a Service............. 138
Salesforce.com software environment . .......................................... 138
SalesForce.com ecosystem . ............................................................. 140
Characterizing Software as a Service......................................................... 140
Understanding the Economics and the Ecosystem.................................. 142
Pretending you’re a customer........................................................... 142
The value of the ecosystem............................................................... 144
Table of Contents xvii
Examining Types of SaaS Platforms........................................................... 145
Packaged Software as a Service........................................................ 147
Collaboration as a Service................................................................. 148
Enabling and management tools....................................................... 149
Chapter 13: Understanding Massively Scaled
Applications and Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Naming Names: Companies with Massively Scaled Applications.......... 154
Listing the companies........................................................................ 154
Looking at Web-based business services........................................ 156
Delivering Business Processes from the Cloud........................................ 157
Business process examples............................................................... 157
Business processes destined for the cloud..................................... 158
Hidden in the cloud............................................................................ 158
Business processes already flying high........................................... 158
Predicting the future.......................................................................... 159
Chapter 14: Setting Some Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Understanding Best Practices and Standards.......................................... 161
Best practicing makes perfect........................................................... 162
Setting your sites on standards........................................................ 162
Clouding the Standards and Best Practices Issue.................................... 163
Interoperability................................................................................... 164
Portability............................................................................................ 164
Integration........................................................................................... 164
Security................................................................................................ 164
Standards Organizations and Groups........................................................ 166
Cloud Security Alliance...................................................................... 166
Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)................................. 167
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)................ 167
Open Cloud Consortium (OCC)........................................................ 168
Open Grid Forum (OGF)..................................................................... 168
The Object Management Group (OMG)........................................... 169
Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)........................... 169
Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF)........................... 169
Vertical groups.................................................................................... 170
Part IV: Managing the Cloud...................................... 171
Chapter 15: Managing and Securing Cloud Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Putting Security on the Spot with Questions ........................................... 174
Understanding Security Risks..................................................................... 175
Reducing Cloud Security Breaches............................................................ 177
Implementing Identity Management.......................................................... 179
Benefits of identity management...................................................... 179
Aspects of identity management...................................................... 180
xviii Cloud Computing For Dummies
Playing Detective: Detection and Forensics.............................................. 182
Activity logs......................................................................................... 182
HIPS and NIPS...................................................................................... 182
Data audit............................................................................................. 184
Encrypting Data............................................................................................ 184
Creating a Cloud Security Strategy............................................................ 185
Chapter 16: Governing the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Looking at IT Governance .......................................................................... 188
Deciding on a Governor............................................................................... 189
Imagining a scenario........................................................................... 190
Imagining another scenario............................................................... 190
Knowing the Risks of Running in the Cloud.............................................. 190
Understanding risk............................................................................. 191
Measuring and monitoring performance......................................... 193
Measurement methods...................................................................... 193
Making Governance Work........................................................................... 194
Establishing your governance body................................................. 194
Monitoring and measuring IT service performance....................... 195
Cataloging control and compliance data......................................... 195
Chapter 17: Virtualization and the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Visualizing Virtualization............................................................................. 197
Characteristics ................................................................................... 198
Using a hypervisor in virtualization................................................. 199
Abstracting hardware assets............................................................. 201
Managing Virtualization............................................................................... 202
Foundational issues............................................................................ 202
Abstraction layer................................................................................ 203
Provisioning software........................................................................ 204
Virtualizing storage............................................................................ 205
Hardware provisioning...................................................................... 205
Security issues.................................................................................... 206
Taking Virtualization into the Cloud.......................................................... 208
Chapter 18: Managing Desktops and Devices in the Cloud . . . . . . . 209
Virtualizing the Desktop.............................................................................. 209
Across industries................................................................................ 210
The client desktop ............................................................................. 210
Putting Desktops in the Cloud.................................................................... 212
Further pros........................................................................................ 213
Desktop as a Service (DaaS).............................................................. 213
Managing Desktops in the Cloud................................................................ 215
Watching four areas .......................................................................... 215
Managing assets.................................................................................. 216
Enterprise Applications/General
g Eve ry thing Ea sier!™
Get your head into the clouds — Makin
learn what cloud computing is
and how to use it
Cloud Computing
Open the book and find:
There’s a lot more to cloud computing than you may realize.
This book takes you through the options, what they can
do for your company, how to choose the best approach
for your business, and how to build a strategy. You’ll learn
about managing and securing cloud services and get
• The characteristics of the cloud
• Important security issues and how
to handle them
• Cloud standards and best practices Cloud Computing
down-to-earth advice about planning your move to the • Efficiencies of the cloud
cloud.
• Questions to ask a potential cloud
• Get hold of the cloud — discover how the cloud differs from vendor
traditional hardware/software-based resources
• Groups that clarify, promote, and
• Techie nitty gritty — explore the technical foundation and maintain standards
evolution of the cloud
• How the cloud relates to SOA
• Show me the money — analyze how much a cloud data center
can save your company in power, labor, property, and other • How cloud users benefit from
expenses elasticity and scalability
• The cloud tour — examine the elements of the cloud and service
options for infrastructure, platform, and software
• Who’s in charge here? — learn about cloud management and
how governance is defined inside the cloud
• Risk and reward — recognize the assorted risks and how to Learn to:
determine acceptable risk levels • Recognize the benefits and risks of cloud
• Cloud security — understand how to plan for a secure and Go to Dummies.com ® services
compliant cloud environment for videos, step-by-step photos,
how-to articles, or to!
• Understand the business impact and the
• Plan for the plunge — create a detailed plan for implementation economics of the cloud
• Govern and manage your cloud
environment
• Develop your cloud services strategy
$29.99 US / $35.99 CN / £21.99 UK
Judith Hurwitz (President & CEO), Robin Bloor (Partner & Senior
Consultant), Marcia Kaufman (Partner & COO), and Fern Halper
(Partner & Senior Data Management Strategist) are executives at Hurwitz
ISBN 978-0-470-48470-8
Judith Hurwitz
& Associates, strategy consultants specializing in cloud computing,
Hurwitz
Robin Bloor
information and service management, and SOA. The team works with
industry leaders on strategy and planning. They are the authors of Service
Bloor Marcia Kaufman
Kaufman
Management For Dummies and Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies. Halper Fern Halper
spine=.672”
Get More and Do More at Dummies.com ®
Start with FREE Cheat Sheets
Cheat Sheets include
• Checklists
• Charts
• Common Instructions
• And Other Good Stuff!
To access the Cheat Sheet created specifically for this book, go to
www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/cloudcomputing
Get Smart at Dummies.com
Dummies.com makes your life easier with 1,000s
of answers on everything from removing wallpaper
to using the latest version of Windows.
Check out our
• Videos
• Illustrated Articles
• Step-by-Step Instructions
Plus, each month you can win valuable prizes by entering
our Dummies.com sweepstakes. *
Want a weekly dose of Dummies? Sign up for Newsletters on
• Digital Photography
• Microsoft Windows & Office
• Personal Finance & Investing
• Health & Wellness
• Computing, iPods & Cell Phones
• eBay
• Internet
• Food, Home & Garden
Find out “HOW” at Dummies.com
*Sweepstakes not currently available in all countries; visit Dummies.com for official rules.
Cloud
Computing
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
Cloud
Computing
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
by Judith Hurwitz, Robin Bloor,
Marcia Kaufman, and Dr. Fern Halper
Cloud Computing For Dummies®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit-
ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600.
Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://
www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the
Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything
Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/
or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated
with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO
REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF
THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITH-
OUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE
CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES
CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE
UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR
OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF
A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE
AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZA-
TION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE
OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES
THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT
MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS
WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND
WHEN IT IS READ.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care
Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938254
ISBN: 978-0-470-48470-8
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Authors
Judith Hurwitz is a technology strategist and thought leader. She is the
president of Hurwitz & Associates, a business technology strategy firm that
helps companies gain business benefit from their technology investments.
Her area of focus is on cloud computing and all the related distributed com-
puting technologies that enable the cloud. In 1992, she founded the Hurwitz
Group, a technology research group. She has worked in various corporations,
such as John Hancock, Apollo Computer, and Patricia Seybold’s Group. She
publishes a regular blog. Judith holds a BS and an MS degree from Boston
University. She is a coauthor of Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies,
Second Edition (Wiley), Information on Demand For Dummies (2009), Service
Management For Dummies (2009), and Collaboration For Dummies (2009).
Robin Bloor, a partner with Hurwitz & Associates, has been an IT consultant
and technology analyst for almost 20 years. He lived and worked in the U.K.
until 2002, founding the IT analysis company Bloor Research, which pub-
lished comparative technology reports that covered everything from com-
puter hardware architecture to e-commerce. Robin is the author of the U.K.
business bestseller, The Electronic B@zaar: From the Silk Road to the E-Road
(Nicholas Brealey Publishing), which analyzed and explained the field of
e-commerce. He is a coauthor of Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies,
Second Edition (Wiley) and Service Management For Dummies (2009).
Marcia Kaufman, a founding partner of Hurwitz & Associates, has 20 years
of experience in business strategy, industry research, and analytics. She has
written many industry white papers and publishes a regular technology blog.
Marcia has worked extensively on financial services industry modeling and
forecasting in various research environments, including Data Resources,
Inc. (DRI). Marcia holds an AB from Connecticut College in mathematics and
economics and an MBA from Boston University. Marcia is coauthor of Service
Oriented Architecture For Dummies, Second Edition (Wiley), Information on
Demand For Dummies(2009), Service Management For Dummies (2009), and
Collaboration For Dummies (2009).
Dr. Fern Halper, a partner with Hurwitz & Associates, has over 20 years of
experience in data analysis, business analysis, and strategy development.
Fern has published numerous articles on data and content management. She
has done extensive research, writing, and speaking on the topic of text ana-
lytics. She publishes a regular technology blog. She has held key positions at
AT&T Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies and directed strategy and
product line planning for Lucent’s Internet Software Unit. Fern received her
BA from Colgate University and her Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. Fern
is coauthor of Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies, Second Edition
(Wiley), Information on Demand For Dummies (2009), and Service Management
For Dummies (2009).
Dedications
Judith dedicates her part of the book to her family — her husband, Warren;
her children, Sara and David; and her mother, Elaine. She also dedicates this
book in memory of her father, David.
Robin dedicates his part of the book to Judy, for her encouragement, sup-
port, and advice.
Marcia dedicates her part of the book to her husband, Matthew; her daugh-
ters, Sara and Emily; and her parents, Larry and Gloria.
Fern dedicates her part of the book to her husband, Clay, and her daughters,
Katie and Lindsay. She also dedicates this book in memory of her parents,
Stanley and Phyllis.
Authors’ Acknowledgments
Amazon’s Jeff Barr; Bell Aliant’s Tony Lodge; CA’s Brian Bonazzoli, Nicole
Buffalino, Debra Cattani, Stephen Elliott, Jay Fry, Ajei Gopal, Joanne Moretti,
Roger Pilc, and John Swainson; Cisco’s William Scott; Citrix’s Ian Platt; Cloud
Camp’s David Nielson; Computer Sciences Corporation’s (CSC) Brian Boruff;
Desktone’s Jeff Fisher and Harry Ruda; Distributed Management Task Force’s
(DMTF) Winston Bumpus; EMC’s Chuck Hollis and Irene Mirageas; Good
Data’s Roman Stanek; GSK Pharmaceuticals’ Ivan Hislaire; HP’s Magdy Assem,
Russ Daniels, Cheryl Rose Hayden, Tom Hogan, Rebecca Lawson, Scott
McClellan, Joanne McMenoman, and Scott Pace; IBM’s Lee Ackerman, Ruthie
Amaru, Erich Clementi, Latha Colby, Teresa Cook, Jim Corgel, Dave Dworkin,
Leon Katznelson, Martha Leversuch, Dave Lindquist, Amy Loomis, Steve
Maher, Mike McCarthy, David Mitchell, Harold Moss, David Parker, Hamid
Pirahesh, Sean Poulley, John Simonds, Toby Sirota, Zarina Lam Stanford,
Lauren States, Tim Vincent, Marie Weeks, and David Yockelson; Intuit’s Anna
Lane, Bill Lucchini, and Angus Thomson; JBoss’s Aaron Darcy; MDot’s Mike
Kavis; Metro Health’s Bill Lewkowski; Microsoft’s Prashaut Ketkar, Niraj
Nagrani, Steve Sloan, and Mike Warner; National Institute of Standards and
Technology; Pervasive’s John Bernard, Kimberli Daugherty, David Inbar, Jim
Falgout, and Hollis Tibbetts; Platform Computing’s Randy Clark; RightScale’s
Michael Crandell; Salesforce’s Marc Benioff, Alex Chris, Ariel Kelman, and Bill
Lukini; Savvis’s Bryan Doerr; ServiceNow’s Rhett Glauser; Sisters of Mercy
Health System’s Jeff Bell and John Treadway; State Street Corporation’s
David Saul; THINKStrategies’s Jeff Kaplan; Virtual Bridges’s Jim Curtin and
Dan Perlman; VMware’s Dawn Giusti, Neena Joshi, Wendy Perilli, and Jiam
Zhen; Verizon’s Joe Crawford and Tim Gillen; Wavemaker’s Chris Keene;
WorkXpress’s Treff LaPlante; and 3tera’s Paul Brennan.
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments at http://dummies.custhelp.com. For
other comments, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, out-
side the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions and Editorial Composition Services
Project Editor: Tonya Maddox Cupp Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond
Development Editor: Linda Morris, Layout and Graphics: Ashley Chamberlain,
Tonya Maddox Cupp Joyce Haughey, Christine Williams
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman Proofreaders: John Greenough,
Technical Editor: Brenda Michelson Bonnie Mikkelson
Editorial Manager: Jodi Jensen Indexer: Sharon Shock
Editorial Assistant: Amanda Graham
Sr. Editorial Assistant: Cherie Case
Cartoons: Rich Tennant
(www.the5thwave.com)
Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies
Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher
Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director
Mary C. Corder, Editorial Director
Publishing for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher
Composition Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
Contents at a Glance
Introduction................................................................. 1
Part I: Introducing Cloud Computing.............................. 5
Chapter 1: Grasping the Fundamentals .......................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Discovering the Value of the Cloud for Business...................................... 17
Chapter 3: Getting Inside the Cloud............................................................................... 27
Chapter 4: Developing Your Cloud Strategy................................................................. 39
Part II: Understanding the Nature of the Cloud............. 47
Chapter 5: Seeing the Advantages of the Highly Scaled Data Center . ...................... 49
Chapter 6: Exploring the Technical Foundation for Scaling
Computer Systems...................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 7: Checking the Cloud’s Workload Strategy .................................................. 67
Chapter 8: Managing Data . ............................................................................................. 75
Chapter 9: Discovering Private and Hybrid Clouds..................................................... 87
Part III: Examining the Cloud Elements...................... 105
Chapter 10: Seeing Infrastructure as a Service........................................................... 107
Chapter 11: Exploring Platform as a Service............................................................... 119
Chapter 12: Using Software as a Service..................................................................... 137
Chapter 13: Understanding Massively Scaled Applications
and Business Processes .......................................................................................... 153
Chapter 14: Setting Some Standards ........................................................................... 161
Part IV: Managing the Cloud..................................... 171
Chapter 15: Managing and Securing Cloud Services.................................................. 173
Chapter 16: Governing the Cloud................................................................................. 187
Chapter 17: Virtualization and the Cloud.................................................................... 197
Chapter 18: Managing Desktops and Devices in the Cloud....................................... 209
Chapter 19: Service Oriented Architecture and the Cloud........................................ 221
Chapter 20: Managing the Cloud Environment........................................................... 231
Part V: Planning for the Cloud................................... 243
Chapter 21: Banking on Cloud Economics ................................................................. 245
Chapter 22: Starting Your Journey to the Cloud........................................................ 255
Part VI: The Part of Tens........................................... 265
Chapter 23: Ten (Plus One) Swell Cloud Computing Resources.............................. 267
Chapter 24: Ten Cloud Dos and Don’ts........................................................................ 271
Glossary........................................................................................................................... 275
Index....................................................................... 291
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................. 1
About This Book............................................................................................... 2
Foolish Assumptions........................................................................................ 2
How This Book Is Organized........................................................................... 2
Part I: Introducing Cloud Computing................................................... 3
Part II: Understanding the Nature
of the Cloud.......................................................................................... 3
Part III: Examining the Cloud Elements................................................ 3
Part IV: Managing the Cloud.................................................................. 3
Part V: Planning for the Cloud............................................................... 3
Part VI: The Part of Tens........................................................................ 3
Icons Used in This Book.................................................................................. 4
Where to Go from Here.................................................................................... 4
Part I: Introducing Cloud Computing............................... 5
Chapter 1: Grasping the Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Considering Perspectives................................................................................ 8
Computing on the Cloud.................................................................................. 8
Defining the Cloud............................................................................................ 9
Elasticity and scalability...................................................................... 10
Self-service provisioning...................................................................... 10
Application programming interfaces (APIs)...................................... 11
Billing and metering of services.......................................................... 11
Performance monitoring and measuring........................................... 12
Security.................................................................................................. 12
Comparing Cloud Providers with Traditional IT Service Providers........ 12
Addressing Problems..................................................................................... 13
Discovering the Business Drivers for Consuming Cloud Services........... 14
Supporting business agility................................................................. 15
Reducing capital expenditures........................................................... 15
Chapter 2: Discovering the Value of the Cloud for Business . . . . . . . 17
Modeling Services........................................................................................... 17
Understanding Infrastructure as a Service.................................................. 18
Exploring Platform as a Service.................................................................... 20
Seeing Software as a Service......................................................................... 21
Software as a Service modes............................................................... 22
Massively scaled Software as a Service............................................. 23
Economies of scale............................................................................... 23
Management and Administration................................................................. 24
xiv Cloud Computing For Dummies
Chapter 3: Getting Inside the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Feeling Sensational about Organization ..................................................... 27
Deciding on a strategy.......................................................................... 28
Coping with governance issues.......................................................... 28
Monitoring business processes.......................................................... 29
Managing IT costs................................................................................. 30
Administering Cloud Services....................................................................... 30
Service level agreements and monitoring......................................... 31
Support................................................................................................... 32
Billing and accounting.......................................................................... 32
Looking at the Technical Interface............................................................... 32
APIs and data transformations........................................................... 33
Data and application architecture...................................................... 33
Security in the cloud............................................................................ 34
Managing Cloud Resources........................................................................... 34
IT security.............................................................................................. 35
Performance management................................................................... 35
Provisioning........................................................................................... 36
Service management............................................................................ 37
Untangling Software Dependencies.............................................................. 37
Chapter 4: Developing Your Cloud Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Seeing the Many Aspects of Your Cloud Strategy...................................... 40
Questioning Your Company’s Strategy........................................................ 41
Assessing Where You Are Today................................................................. 42
How tangled is my computing environment?.................................... 42
What’s my data center environment?................................................ 42
What data supports my strategy? ..................................................... 43
Assessing Your Expense Structure ............................................................. 44
Checking Up on Rules and Governances..................................................... 44
Developing a Road Map................................................................................. 45
Part II: Understanding the Nature of the Cloud............. 47
Chapter 5: Seeing the Advantages of the Highly
Scaled Data Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Comparing Financial Damage: Traditional versus Cloud ......................... 50
Traditional data center........................................................................ 50
Cloud data center................................................................................. 51
Scaling the Cloud............................................................................................ 52
Comparing Traditional and Cloud Data Center Costs............................... 55
Examining labor costs and productivity............................................ 56
Wondering where you are................................................................... 56
Table of Contents xv
Chapter 6: Exploring the Technical Foundation for
Scaling Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Server-ing Up Some Hardware ..................................................................... 60
Tradition! versus clouds...................................................................... 60
Considering cloud hardware............................................................... 61
Open-source dynamic.......................................................................... 63
Economies of Scale......................................................................................... 63
Benefitting enormously........................................................................ 64
Optimizing otherwise........................................................................... 64
Keeping the Bottom Line in Mind................................................................. 65
Chapter 7: Checking the Cloud’s Workload Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Managing Workloads in the Cloud............................................................... 67
Thinking of workloads as well-planned services.............................. 68
Creating interfaces between containers............................................ 70
Discovering how XML fits in................................................................ 70
Using container workloads: Case study . .......................................... 71
Balancing Risk and Practical Models........................................................... 71
Testing Workloads in the Real World.......................................................... 73
Chapter 8: Managing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Declaring Data Types..................................................................................... 75
Securing Data in the Cloud........................................................................... 76
Data location in the cloud.................................................................... 77
Data control in the cloud..................................................................... 78
Securing data for transport in the cloud........................................... 79
Looking at Data, Scalability, and Cloud Services........................................ 81
Large-scale data processing................................................................ 81
Databases and data stores in the cloud............................................. 82
Data archiving....................................................................................... 84
Sorting Out Metadata Matters...................................................................... 84
Talking to Your Cloud Vendor about Data.................................................. 84
Chapter 9: Discovering Private and Hybrid Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Pining for Privacy........................................................................................... 88
Defining a private cloud....................................................................... 88
Comparing public, private, and hybrid.............................................. 89
Examining the Economics of the Private Cloud.......................................... 92
Assessing capital expenditures ......................................................... 92
Vendor private cloud offerings........................................................... 93
Offering Up Key Vendors............................................................................... 94
Services-led technology companies................................................... 95
Systems integrators companies.......................................................... 98
Technology enabler companies . ....................................................... 99
xvi Cloud Computing For Dummies
Part III: Examining the Cloud Elements....................... 105
Chapter 10: Seeing Infrastructure as a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Tracing IaaS to ISP ....................................................................................... 107
Renting (but not to own)................................................................... 108
Following the ISP pattern................................................................... 109
Exploring Amazon EC2: Case Study........................................................... 109
EC2 Compute Units . .......................................................................... 110
Platforms and storage........................................................................ 110
EC2 pricing........................................................................................... 112
EC2 customers.................................................................................... 112
Checking Out Other IaaS Companies......................................................... 113
Rackspace ........................................................................................... 113
GoGrid ................................................................................................. 114
Others................................................................................................... 114
Examining IaaS-Enabling Technology........................................................ 114
AppLogic.............................................................................................. 115
Eucalyptus........................................................................................... 115
Trusting the Cloud........................................................................................ 116
What Infrastructure as a Service Means to You....................................... 117
Chapter 11: Exploring Platform as a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Putting Platform as a Service on a Pedestal.............................................. 120
Integrated lifecycle platforms........................................................... 121
Anchored lifecycle platforms............................................................ 122
Enabling technologies as a platform................................................ 122
Getting Inside the Integrated Lifecycle Platform...................................... 122
Google App Engine.............................................................................. 123
Microsoft Azure................................................................................... 125
Getting Inside Anchored Lifecycle Platform as a Service........................ 127
Salesforce.com’s Force.com platform.............................................. 127
Intuit .................................................................................................... 130
LongJump ........................................................................................... 132
Enabling Technologies as a Platform......................................................... 133
Testing in the cloud............................................................................ 134
Service management for the cloud................................................... 134
Integration and configuration platforms.......................................... 134
Social network, framework, and portal platforms.......................... 135
Chapter 12: Using Software as a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
SalesForce.com’s Approach to Evolving Software as a Service............. 138
Salesforce.com software environment . .......................................... 138
SalesForce.com ecosystem . ............................................................. 140
Characterizing Software as a Service......................................................... 140
Understanding the Economics and the Ecosystem.................................. 142
Pretending you’re a customer........................................................... 142
The value of the ecosystem............................................................... 144
Table of Contents xvii
Examining Types of SaaS Platforms........................................................... 145
Packaged Software as a Service........................................................ 147
Collaboration as a Service................................................................. 148
Enabling and management tools....................................................... 149
Chapter 13: Understanding Massively Scaled
Applications and Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Naming Names: Companies with Massively Scaled Applications.......... 154
Listing the companies........................................................................ 154
Looking at Web-based business services........................................ 156
Delivering Business Processes from the Cloud........................................ 157
Business process examples............................................................... 157
Business processes destined for the cloud..................................... 158
Hidden in the cloud............................................................................ 158
Business processes already flying high........................................... 158
Predicting the future.......................................................................... 159
Chapter 14: Setting Some Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Understanding Best Practices and Standards.......................................... 161
Best practicing makes perfect........................................................... 162
Setting your sites on standards........................................................ 162
Clouding the Standards and Best Practices Issue.................................... 163
Interoperability................................................................................... 164
Portability............................................................................................ 164
Integration........................................................................................... 164
Security................................................................................................ 164
Standards Organizations and Groups........................................................ 166
Cloud Security Alliance...................................................................... 166
Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)................................. 167
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)................ 167
Open Cloud Consortium (OCC)........................................................ 168
Open Grid Forum (OGF)..................................................................... 168
The Object Management Group (OMG)........................................... 169
Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)........................... 169
Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF)........................... 169
Vertical groups.................................................................................... 170
Part IV: Managing the Cloud...................................... 171
Chapter 15: Managing and Securing Cloud Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Putting Security on the Spot with Questions ........................................... 174
Understanding Security Risks..................................................................... 175
Reducing Cloud Security Breaches............................................................ 177
Implementing Identity Management.......................................................... 179
Benefits of identity management...................................................... 179
Aspects of identity management...................................................... 180
xviii Cloud Computing For Dummies
Playing Detective: Detection and Forensics.............................................. 182
Activity logs......................................................................................... 182
HIPS and NIPS...................................................................................... 182
Data audit............................................................................................. 184
Encrypting Data............................................................................................ 184
Creating a Cloud Security Strategy............................................................ 185
Chapter 16: Governing the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Looking at IT Governance .......................................................................... 188
Deciding on a Governor............................................................................... 189
Imagining a scenario........................................................................... 190
Imagining another scenario............................................................... 190
Knowing the Risks of Running in the Cloud.............................................. 190
Understanding risk............................................................................. 191
Measuring and monitoring performance......................................... 193
Measurement methods...................................................................... 193
Making Governance Work........................................................................... 194
Establishing your governance body................................................. 194
Monitoring and measuring IT service performance....................... 195
Cataloging control and compliance data......................................... 195
Chapter 17: Virtualization and the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Visualizing Virtualization............................................................................. 197
Characteristics ................................................................................... 198
Using a hypervisor in virtualization................................................. 199
Abstracting hardware assets............................................................. 201
Managing Virtualization............................................................................... 202
Foundational issues............................................................................ 202
Abstraction layer................................................................................ 203
Provisioning software........................................................................ 204
Virtualizing storage............................................................................ 205
Hardware provisioning...................................................................... 205
Security issues.................................................................................... 206
Taking Virtualization into the Cloud.......................................................... 208
Chapter 18: Managing Desktops and Devices in the Cloud . . . . . . . 209
Virtualizing the Desktop.............................................................................. 209
Across industries................................................................................ 210
The client desktop ............................................................................. 210
Putting Desktops in the Cloud.................................................................... 212
Further pros........................................................................................ 213
Desktop as a Service (DaaS).............................................................. 213
Managing Desktops in the Cloud................................................................ 215
Watching four areas .......................................................................... 215
Managing assets.................................................................................. 216